MEDAAD (E_ISSN:3078-3550) is a specialized academic journal dedicated to advancing research in media studies and communication. Published by Peninsula Publishing Press in Dubai, MEDAAD serves as a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners to explore the evolving landscape of media, journalism, digital communication, and the impact of new technologies on society. The journal welcomes original research, theoretical papers, and critical reviews that contribute to the understanding of media's role in shaping public discourse, culture, and global connectivity.
Patterns of Online News Misinformation: A Content Analysis of Fake and Legitimate News Articles
The research investigated how online news misinformation spreads through an analysis of 1,024 news articles which separated fake content from authentic news sources. The dataset contained 15 variables which included numeric and categorical data types to enable a detailed analysis of thematic focus areas and content characteristics. Our article evaluation process used a structured coding method to find essential elements which distinguished authentic news from fabricated content. The study results demonstrated that authentic news articles contained factual information together with reliable sources which covered government matters and public policy issues. The fake news articles used sensational content to create emotional reactions from readers who followed political scandals and celebrity controversies. The study found that 68% of fake news articles used audience engagement as their main strategy which put viewer interaction before delivering accurate information. Our research demonstrates that fake news content strategies focus on achieving maximum viral spread which leads to reduced information accuracy. The research findings show that media literacy programs need immediate development to help people identify which news reports contain false information. The public needs to develop critical thinking abilities which will help them analyze sensational stories to restore their confidence in journalism. The spread of false information through digital media requires specific educational solutions which will produce citizens who understand information systems to defend democratic institutions and their decision-making processes. The public needs to understand complex information systems to defend democratic institutions and their decision-making processes according to educational methods which solve contemporary digital misinformation challenges. The public needs to understand complex information systems to defend democratic institutions and their decision-making processes according to educational methods which solve contemporary digital misinformation challenges. The public needs to understand complex information systems to defend democratic institutions and their decision-making processes according to educational methods which solve contemporary digital misinformation challenges. The public needs to understand complex information systems to defend democratic institutions .
Copyright (c) 2026 Walaa AbdelRahman Fouda, Heba Ahmed Eldib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Technology, Trauma, and the Post-Heroic Soldier in Michael Pitre's Five and Twenty-Five: A Postcolonial Perspective
The Iraq War (2003-2011) has generated behind it a significant amount of literature that has left triumphalist accounts of the war and instead predicted trauma, alienation, and disillusionment. Five and Twenty-Five (2014) by Michael Pitre, a former U.S. Marine, is thus unique in its verisimilitude and attention to the maintenance of roads and the detection of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). The text by Pitre places technology as a primary agent of character, theme, and form. This study explores the way the novel portrays technology as a trauma agent, destroyer of classical heroism, and an icon of postcolonial defiance. The study takes a qualitative approach in the form of a textual analysis inspired by three theories: trauma studies, post-heroism, and postcolonial theory. Selected passages were closely read and coded under these categories. Analysis depicts three critical insights. First, trauma in the novel is technologically mediated: the IED orders memory, perception, and hyper-vigilance in both the soldiers and the civilians. Second, the novel reflects the post-heroic situation, in which technology obliterates chances of heroism and makes soldiers mere survival figures. Third, the IED becomes a postcolonial instrument of retaliation and disrupts the American military dominance and subaltern agency. The work is an original contribution to the field of war literature since technology is at the focus of the research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raed Nafea Farhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Misconceptions about marriage as an indicator of rising divorce rates in Kirkuk Governorate
This study aims to understand the role of misconceptions about marriage in explaining the significant rise in divorce rates in Kirkuk Governorate in recent years. The study is based on the fundamental premise that unrealistic beliefs about the nature of married life contribute to generating idealized expectations that are inconsistent with reality, leading to marital conflicts that may end in separation. The research employed a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a standardized questionnaire distributed to married and engaged individuals from diverse social backgrounds in the governorate. Predictive statistical analysis particularly multiple regression analysis was employed to assess the predictive power of these misconceptions regarding divorce rates.Preliminary results indicate that the most prevalent misconceptions are related to excessive idealism, the expectation of perpetual happiness, and the belief that marriage is a cure for psychological or social problems. The results also revealed statistically significant differences between men and women, and between different educational levels, in the degree to which these misconceptions are held. The analysis indicated a positive correlation between misconceptions and high divorce rates, as well as a significant predictive power of these misconceptions within a statistical model that explains a considerable portion of the variance in the phenomenon. The study reveals the importance of integrating the cognitive dimension into understanding marital stability and highlights the need for preventative guidance programs targeting young people before marriage to correct misconceptions and promote a realistic understanding of the nature of marital relationships. The findings provide a scientific basis that policymakers, social institutions, and guidance providers can use to formulate effective interventions to reduce the rising divorce rates in the local community.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamza Omar Sadeeq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Media Literacy: Ethical and Professional Implications for Digital Journalism
This study investigates the convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and media literacy, assessing their combined impact on journalistic practice and digital media production. Focusing on the Iraqi Media Network, a quantitative survey of 150 journalists, editors, and media professionals reveals that AI adoption enhances content accuracy (+27%), production efficiency (+34%), and audience engagement (+22%). However, these gains are counterbalanced by ethical risks, including misinformation, algorithmic bias, and reduced human editorial oversight. The findings highlight AI’s dual role as both an innovation driver and a potential threat to professional integrity. In response, the study proposes a context-specific framework that embeds media literacy as a moderating competency, enabling journalists to critically evaluate and ethically deploy AI tools. By positioning media literacy as an ethical safeguard, this research advances a practical model for maximizing AI’s benefits while mitigating its risks, offering both theoretical and policy-level contributions to the evolving discourse on AI in journalism.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yasmin Makki Mohialden, Saba Abdulbaqi Salman, Mohammed Mahmood Hameed , Nadia Mahmood Hussien https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identity, Isolation, and Hope in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Exploring Consciousness and Spiritual Redemption in Kazuo Ishiguro's Klara and the Sun
Modern speculative fiction increasingly explores how artificial intelligence affects identity, social connectedness, and spirituality. Klara and the Sun (2021) by Kazuo Ishiguro is an intriguing exploration of posthuman subjectivity and ethical concerns in a digitally mediated society. The novel's ethical considerations and technological alienation have been examined in the literature. However, few studies link posthuman identity theory to a hermeneutical analysis of the novel's spiritual symbolism. This leaves a gap in the study of identity, loneliness, and optimism in AI stories. This study aims to bridge that gap by exploring how the novel reimagines identity, loneliness, and spiritual hope, thus revealing an underexplored intersection between hermeneutics and posthuman ethics. This study examines how Ishiguro's work reimagines identity, social isolation, and spiritual salvation, highlighting the neglected intersection of hermeneutics and posthuman ethics. Thematic Textual Analysis (TTA) is combined with the Key Word Technique (KWT) in a qualitative interpretive study. The findings show that Ishiguro subverts human exceptionalism through Klara’s morally reflexive consciousness and relational identity. The novel paradoxically portrays artificial companionship as both a cause of alienation and a source of hope. Conclusively, the study contributes to interdisciplinary dialogue on posthuman ethics, identity, and spirituality. Future studies should compare cross-cultural AI fiction and apply corpus linguistic tools to validate keyword patterns, enriching discourse on AI, ethics, and faith.
The Influence of Media as a Non-state Actor in International Relations – Syrian and Ukrainian refugees’ crisis- case study
In any country, the role of media is vital as it is a medium to keep the people informed on the latest developments in the country and elsewhere. Due to this assumed role of the press, media outlets are expected to remain objective, honest, and free from biases. Furthermore, media outlets were more localized traditionally. However, this media aspect has changed extensively in recent decades, most notably with the rise of the internet. Today, many prominent media outlets are either inclined toward a fixed political ideology or are owned by large media conglomerates with their corporate interests to look out for. This report aims to identify the role of media as a non-state actor in international relations. This is an important study to conduct in an era when media outlets are no longer limited to just their domestic market but instead have a truly global reach. Using a case study analysis method of data collection with a qualitative methodology, this study analyzes two prominent recent international events, the Syrian refugee crisis, and the Ukrainian refugee crisis. From the case study analysis, this study has established that the media now has the power of public diplomacy to influence policies in international relations as well.
Copyright (c) 2025 Walaa Abdelrahman Fouda, Obaid A. Al Blooshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Platform-Specific Data Decay Patterns: A Comparative Study of Twitter, Reddit, and TikTok
We investigate the effects that the moderation policies, user activity, and structural properties of a platform have on its content decay patterns and show that content permanence differs across platforms. Thanks to its real-time and more-curated-than-ever platform, Twitter has the shortest content half-life, coming in at about 24 minutes. Reddit has higher content persistence (mean 155 minutes) but also its comment-level decay is prominent. Fast decay of non-viral content is evident as well: this is due to ephemeral account and video removal practices enforced by TikTok. Data was collected at T₀ and monitored at T₁, T₂ and T₃ to measure decay using Tweepy, PRAW, Selenium and so on. The work presents a persistence-sensitive metric to aid researchers in mitigating the loss of data and to help them understand the methodological aspects of data loss. The findings underscore the ethical and epistemological dangers inherent in basing research on rotting data, and point to the urgency in having a robust, platform-specific research infrastructure. More broadly, this work informs better approaches to studying ephemeral content and preserving the integrity of digital discourse.
Copyright (c) 2025 Akhmed Kaleel, Abdulkrim ziani, Salma Abdullah Mohamed saeed alkaabi, Beena Khalid Alhajri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Career Plateau on Employee Performance: An Exploratory Study of Employees' Opinions at the Northern Technical University
The organizational structure of Iraqi companies is mainly hierarchical, and the difficulty of promotion increases with the advancement of positions. Under this structure, the number of job vacancies decreases, while the number of employees competing for these positions increases. Due to the end of their career or the lack of job vacancies, individuals may reach a point where they are no longer eligible for promotion. Therefore, career plateaus cause employees to stay in their current positions for longer than is necessary to successfully complete their jobs. In addition, changes in laws and regulations governing employees' careers have also caused employees to enter career plateaus earlier than previously believed. Long-term lack of promotion in the same position can lead to loss of employee enthusiasm, increased stress, increased frustration, deterioration of employee relationships, and psychological alienation from the workplace, ultimately leading to employee alienation. This alienation represents a disconnect from work, resulting in reduced performance and productivity, which has a negative impact on organizational performance. This study aims to explore the reasons why career plateaus lead to employee alienation. This study aims to increase the awareness of company management and employees about the factors affecting career plateaus and career alienation and their impact on employee performance and the company as a whole. Descriptive analysis was used for data collection, and questionnaires were used as the core research tool. A total of 554 questionnaires were distributed to the sample. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the impact of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The results showed that career plateau significantly affected respondents' career alienation in all its dimensions, with the plateau at the individual level having the greatest impact. The study recommends implementing promotion and rotation strategies, among other measures, to combat career plateau and career alienation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Haithem Ahmed Yaqoup https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Media in Times of Crisis: A Case Study on the Impact of Media on Societal Awareness During the COVID-19 Pandemic
This paper aims at establishing the importance of media used in creating consciousness within the society during this COVID-19. This study focuses on how information, shared across the social media, news, entertainment and public health nodes or channels, shaped the public’s perception and compliance to the recommended health measures. The study proved the hypothesis that accurate and timely information relayed by the media enhanced the awareness and in return increased the community participation in the preventive measures. Still, the study also discusses emerging issues including misleading information and polarization that erode public credibility. At last, this research confirms the importance of the role generic media strategies play in promoting the public awareness and preparedness in health emergencies.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ahmed Jawad Kadhim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Fake News on Trust in Journalism
Fake news’ has become one of the major problems of the modern journalism that undermines the very basis of the democratic states – trust. This paper analyses the effects that fake news have on the credibility and the media institutions more widely among the public. Using surveys, interviews and content analysis, the reduced trust levels in participants exposed to fake news are clearly evidenced in the study. This paper argues that social network sites are the leading sources of fake news, thereby worsening the general decline in confidence. Furthermore, the paper analyses psychological factors affecting the level of trust in journalism and the overall consequences of the trend for civic journalism. Concerning the present fundamental problem of falsification and misleading information in the information sphere, the goal of this study is to expand the discussion on how to restore confidence in journalism in the context of modern digital reality and revealing the ways to counteract the spread of fake news foster media literacy.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hussein Raheem Qasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Towards a Sustainable Future: Exploring Innovative Financing Models for Renewable Energy
Transitioning to renewable energy is critical to address climate change and to create sustainable energy systems. Nonetheless, financing mammoth renewable energy projects is a major hurdle, owing to the need for hefty capital investments, ambiguity in policies, risk perceptions and market fragmentation. This study addresses these challenges by exploring innovative financing models that could potentially overcome them, assessing their effectiveness, scalability and ability to mitigate the risks involved. This study will uncover how traditional financing mechanisms fall short in the context of cutting-edge approaches to funding such as green bonds, crowdfunding, or blockchain, and deliver takeaways for practitioners seeking to further scale renewable energy. Regional results show how new and local financing models can mitigate financial and technical risks, improve economic scalability, and continue to channel investment in solutions for various forms of renewable energy. Such models build investor confidence, encourage community engagement, and allow the renewable energy segment to integrate more digitally, helping to achieve global energy and climate targets. That highlights the importance of innovative financing as a critical barrier to overcome and provides a framework to stakeholders to adopt sustainable and inclusive financing approaches for renewable energy development.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yi Zhang, Yue Su https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Social Equity and Renewable Energy Access in Developing Countries
The need for energy access is still a major challenge in developing countries, where millions do not have access to reliable and affordable power. Notably, this inequality has far-reaching implications, particularly for rural and marginalised communities, and only exacerbates socio-economic disparities while stifling opportunities for sustainable development. Renewable energy is a game-changing solution, providing local, clean, and scalable replacements for conventional fossil fuel systems. The paper focuses on linking renewable energy and social equity by examining the role of off-grid solar systems, mini-grids and decentralized energy technologies to connect energy bridges. What are the barriers for equitable acceptance of energy, and how can we integrate strategies for equity in renewable energy interventions; these constitute the key objectives of our study. The results show that decentralized renewable solutions have led to improved energy access rates by over 80%, lowered the cost of household energy bills by more than 30%, and reduced annual greenhouse gas emissions by 1,000 metric tons in beneficiary regions. And inclusive strategies, like participatory planning and targeted subsidies, improved gender equity as well, with women making up 60% of energy decision-makers in some projects. Despite these assets, ongoing challenges such as high installation costs and policy gaps emphasize the need for enhanced international cooperation and funding. The study recommends that renewable energy transitions be inclusive, sustainable, and transformative, and concludes with robust recommendations to do so: inclusion of alley equity-oriented policies in regulatory frameworks, a strengthened regulatory framework for all future renewable energy projects, and addressing the structural inequalities that exist at the community level through community engagement and participation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Linqian Jiao, Yinjie Tan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Global Strategies for Climate Adaptation in Coastal Cities
The world’s coastal cities are becoming increasingly vulnerable to climate change impacts, including rising sea levels, extreme storms and urban development pressures, which contribute to flooding, environmental degradation and socio-economic inequality. This study examined global adaptation strategies that compared a combination of complex engineering solutions, nature-based approaches, and integrated urban planning to identify effective practices to mitigate climate-related risks Objectives of the study is to explore various strategies for reducing flood damage, increasing resilience and improving communities participation , etc. You have to bear debt proper creation and management challenges. Results show that the combined approach reduces flood damage by 45%, provides significant carbon storage of 1,200 tonnes of CO2 per year, and increases resilience at a balanced cost amounting to $250 per person In comparison, nature-based solutions in Bangladesh offer greater community participation and lower costs . at the national level, technology-related approaches have strong but resource-intensive flexibility The study highlights the importance of tailoring solutions to local circumstances and highlights the need for inclusive approaches , data-driven, scalable. These data provide policymakers and stakeholders with actionable insights, underscoring the need for active adaptation to protect coastal communities from the growing threat of climate change.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mayasa M. Abdulrahman, Yitong Niu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of Grassroots Movements in achieve Community Sustainability
Grassroots sectors dedicated to promoting sustainable development by addressing pressing global challenges such as climate change, resource depletion and social inequality have emerged as key drivers change occurs These initiatives despite their potential often face significant obstacles, including limited resources, political opposition and challenges related to long-term interventions The use of strategies in research explores the role of grassroots in improving sustainability, . drivers and causes. Objectives include understanding how grassroots initiatives mobilize communities, use local resources, and influence policy, as well as identify success factors and challenges they face. The results show that grassroots agencies are more effective in achieving community engagement, with participation rates as high as 85%, and demonstrate impressive success rates in policy comments with 60% in favor of the proposed changes including relying on local resources encourage sustainable practices, materials for It receives 75% a it works well in use. But the study also highlights persistent challenges such as budget constraints and the need for radical reform. With an emphasis on collaboration, education and capacity building, this study concluded that grassroots infrastructure is essential to achieving local, sustainable solutions and requires increased support from government, NGOs and the private sector to increase their impact.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmed Abdel Qader Ismail Alnajem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This paper examines the transformative effects of integrating ChatGPT, a large language model, into popular social media platforms like Reddit, Facebook, and Instagram. By enhancing user interactions with machine-generated dialogue that mirrors human conversation, ChatGPT redefines the dynamics of online engagement. The study explores how ChatGPT fosters personalized and frequent interactions, leading to deeper user engagement and community growth. It highlights the model's role in automated content creation, enabling tailored responses and accelerated content curation to meet user-specific interests. However, ethical considerations, such as privacy and authenticity, remain critical in the deployment of AI-driven communication on social platforms. Ultimately, this research provides insights into the evolving social media landscape as AI-powered models increasingly influence user experience, platform dynamics, and societal norms.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdulazeez AlSajri , Mohammad Aljanabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bridging Traditional and Immersive Technologies in Design Education: A Comprehensive Framework for Institutional Adoption
The significant addition of immersive technologies, Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality(AR) and Mixed Reality(MR) are transforming the domain of design education. Still, finding an equilibrium between these new tools alongside with traditional methods of teaching is a menace which educational institutes needs to solve. This paper proposes a structure that would help the ease with which to include immersive technologies within design education, keeping in mind the solid points of more conventional pedagogical methods. Based on a survey of interior design programs, this research highlights the potential for VR, AR and MR in student engagement, creativity skills and professional practices. The results suggest that adoption of an immersive technology can have a profound impact on education, but implementation at the institutional level must consider infrastructural and pedagogical areas and potential technical challenges. The framework suggested helps educators and administrators with the right steps to make immersive technology a part of their curriculum in order that both traditional methods, as well as new way method are intermingled together. It also serves as a how-to guide for schools interested in revamping their design program to prepare students for the new opportunities of practice in today's changing industry.
Copyright (c) 2024 Waleed Lateef Abdullah, Samia Hashim, Akhmed Kaleel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence Integration in Media Production and Its Impact on the Creative Industry
The addition of artificial intelligence (AI) to the media industry has transformed the creative industry, opening up new opportunities for creation, but it has also created significant ethical challenges. The main problem lies in the disruption that AI is causing to traditional notions of authorship, creativity and collaboration, as well as the bias and intellectual property issues associated with AI-generated products. The aim of this study is to examine these ethical issues when considering the benefits of AI in media quality, innovation and democracy Through case studies and comparative analysis this study identifies areas especially with AI enhancing and empowering creative workflows. The results show that although AI improves productivity by up to 75%, the challenges of bias, creativity and intellectual property remain unresolved Various recommendations are made for AI improve internal awareness, enhance human-AI collaboration, and streamline regulatory frameworks to ensure a balanced integration of AI in the creative industries.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jingdan Liu, Yitong Niu, Zhaoju Jia, Rui Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Examining Cultural Identity Representation in Global Streaming Services and Its Influence on Audience Perception
This study examines the role of global streaming platforms such as Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Disney+ in shaping cultural perspectives through the representation of different cultures in their content. The research aims to explore how cultural identity is expressed in different fields and fields, exploring the balance between realistic representations and the persistence of stereotypes. Primary objectives include examining cultural iconography patterns in selected shows and films and assessing their impact on intercultural understanding, empathy, and prejudice among audiences Research through content analysis of qualitatively, audience research, and focus groups reveal that while positive cues lead to greater appreciation and empathy for cultural diversity. The study offers recommendations for streaming services and content producers to promote a more nuanced and accurate portrayal of cultural diversity, as well as recommendations for future research on the role of AI in content production and strategies has enhanced intercultural understanding through global media and concludes.
Copyright (c) 2023 Andrei Korneev, Gennady Logunov, Abdullayev Vugar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analyzing the Transformation of Journalism Practices Driven by the Rise of Social Media Platforms
The rise of social media has radically changed media behavior and transformed how information is produced, distributed and consumed. The challenge facing modern journalists is balancing the benefits of real-time reporting and user engagement with the challenges of misinformation, algorithmic control and click-driven content pressures. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of social media on political reporting, investigative journalism, and public trust in the media in general. Through a case study and analysis of the use of algorithms and AI in the media, the paper highlights the opportunities and risks posed by the growing influence of social media. The results show that although social media provides new tools for use and democratizes information sharing, it also fosters misinformation, decreased media credibility, and ethical dilemmas with information a concerns about their involvement also arise. Ultimately, the findings highlight the need for the media to adapt to this digital transformation and support its vital role as a provider of accurate and ethically relevant information in society.
Copyright (c) 2023 Xiang Li , Haoyuan Pan , Jianling Yao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Role of Visual Storytelling in Enhancing Audience Engagement in Digital Journalism
The rise of digital media has fundamentally changed the way news is consumed, making audience engagement a critical success factor for news outlets. But in an age of information overload, traditional story-based journalism often struggles to capture and hold readers’ attention. This study examines the role of visual storytelling in increasing audience engagement with digital media, addressing the problem of readers not interacting with online content. The ultimate goal is to examine how various visual media—such as infographics, video, and interactive graphics—influence audience attention, retention, and engagement. Using a mixed methods approach, including case studies, audience research, and engagement metrics, the study found that infographics and data visualization provided when telling a visual story in articles, social media engagement, and user engagement increased significantly Time on page was shown to increase by up to 50%, while emotional visual evocative stimuli such as images and video increased audience engagement by 70% The findings highlight the potential of visual storytelling to transform digital media through engaging, memorable and interactive content. The study recommended that news organizations invest in visual storytelling to ensure ethical reporting and accessibility, and position themselves for future innovations such as AI, AR and VR.
Copyright (c) 2023 Xin Huang , Xiang Li, Jianling Yao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Impact of Digital Literacy on Media Consumer Empowerment in the Age of Misinformation
In an era where misinformation proliferates rapidly across digital platforms, the need for strong digital literacy skills has become increasingly critical. This study explores the impact of digital literacy on media consumer empowerment and the ability to resist misinformation. The focus of the problem statement is on the increasing range of misinformation making it harder for individuals to be able to inform or maintain informed decision making. Our study aimed to investigate how digital literacy empowers people to develop and apply critical judgements over media content, enabling them to be able to detect misinformation and personally protect their consumption of information. The study found that those who use the internet well were better able to weigh information, detect misinformation and make decisions guided by sound reasoning using a mixed-methods approach. The results also show that some demographic differences in digital literacy are consistent, with younger, more educated, and urban residents reporting a higher degree of media empowerment. All these ensure that structural reasons for especially prevalent misinformation in this particular media format can be better understood, and underlines the pivotal role of broader campaigns using digital literacy at all levels to fight fake news.
Copyright (c) 2023 Swapnali N Tambe, Noor Al-Huda K. Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0