SHIFAA (E_ISSN 3078-2686) is an esteemed academic journal dedicated to publishing high-quality medical research that advances the understanding and practice of healthcare. As a publication of Peninsula Publishing Press, located in Dubai, Shifaa aims to bridge the gap between innovative medical research and clinical practice, promoting evidence-based solutions that address global health challenges. Our journal welcomes original research, reviews, and case studies across all areas of medicine, fostering a platform for scholars, clinicians, and researchers to share their findings and contribute to the medical community.
Cancer-Related Out-of-Pocket Expenses Among Patients Receiving Chemotherapy at Benghazi Medical Center, Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Cancer imposes a substantial financial burden on patients in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Although cancer treatment is officially provided free of charge in Libya, shortages of essential medicines and limited healthcare services force many patients to incur significant out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses. This study assessed OOP expenditures among patients receiving chemotherapy at Benghazi Medical Center (BMC), Libya. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at BMC between September and October 2025. A total of 300 adult cancer patients were recruited using convenience sampling. Data on OOP expenditures, including medications, private clinic visits, transportation, physiotherapy, food supplements, emergency care, housing, and home modifications, were collected through structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Results: Most participants were female (63%), and 45.3% were older than 50 years. Nearly all patients purchased prescribed medications privately because of hospital shortages, while most also visited private clinics. Housing or relocation and home modifications represented the largest components of OOP expenditures. Conclusions: Cancer patients in Benghazi experience substantial OOP expenses despite free public healthcare. Medication shortages, reliance on private services, and treatment-related complications are the main drivers of financial burden. Policy reforms are urgently needed to improve medicine availability and provide effective financial protection for patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asma Al-Tarqi, Malak Ahmed Al-Zawi, Khalid Rajab Mukhtar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Methamphetamine (Crystal) use on central neurotransmitter homeostasis
This study was designed to determine the impact of Crystal use on the levels of central neurotransmitter homeostasis, Dopamine, Serotonin, and Acetylcholine, as well as oxidative stress markers. This study involved 60 male crystal users from the Rehabilitation Center in Baghdad and 20 non-crystal users; their ages ranged from 19 to 54 years. They were divided into four experimental groups based on the length of hospitalization: the first group consisted of individuals who were non-users of Crystal as control group, the second group consisted of individuals recently discharged (recovery period 1–2 months), the third group included those with a moderate recovery period (2–4 months), and the fourth group comprised long-term recoverees (more than 6 months in the rehabilitation centers. Results: The study revealed highly significant decreases (p ≤ 0.001) in the serum levels of dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine, with the most pronounced reductions observed in the moderate-recovery group, followed by the recently recovered group, compared to the control group, Current study's finding regrading oxidative stress indicators showed a highly significant increase in the oxidants Malondialdehyde (MDA), and Lactate Dehydrogenase LDH, with regarding level the antioxidant variables Glutathione (GSH) and Superoxide dismutase SOD), revealed a highly significant decrease. The long-term recovery group showed no significant difference in the antioxidant variables (GSH and SOD) compared with the control group. Conclusion: Based on the results of the current study, it was evident that the use of crystal methamphetamine has a significantly high effect on neurotransmitter levels. This was clearly demonstrated in the groups of recently admitted and mid-term rehabilitation participants. In addition, there was a significant increase in the levels of oxidative stress variables. The length of the rehabilitation period inside the treatment facility also had a substantial impact on the return of toluene concentrations (or “toluene,” as stated in the study) in neurotransmitter levels, and on the oxidative stress/antioxidant balance variables in the study samples, bringing them back to normal levels.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Kareem Zboon, Qussay Noori Raddam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant and Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii among Clinical Specimens in Baghdad, Iraq
Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is a healthcare associated pathogen with marked capacity to develop multidrug resistance and carbapenem resistance. Local resistance data are essential for empirical antimicrobial therapy. Objective: This study investigated antibiotic resistance profiles of A. baumannii isolated from clinical specimens, determined the prevalence of multidrug resistant and carbapenem resistant isolates, and assessed associations with gender and specimen type in Baghdad, Iraq. Materials and Methods: A total of 220 clinical specimens were collected from patients in Baghdad. Isolates were identified using standard microbiological methods and the VITEK 2 Compact system. Multidrug resistance was defined as resistance to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial classes, while carbapenem resistance was defined as resistance to carbapenem antibiotics. Data were analyzed using SPSS, R, and PAST, and statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: Thirty nine non duplicate A.baumannii isolates were recovered. Urine was the most common source, accounting for 51.3 percent of isolates, and females represented 59 percent of cases. The highest resistance rates were recorded against cefotaxime, at 76.9 percent, and ampicillin sulbactam, at 61.5 percent, while colistin remained most active antibiotic, with 5.1 percent resistance. Rates of multidrug resistance and carbapenem resistance were 69.2 percent and 23.1 percent, respectively. Resistance patterns were more associated with specimen type than with gender. Conclusion: Multidrug resistant and carbapenem resistant A. baumannii isolates are prevalent among specimens in Baghdad, especially urine specimens. Continuous antimicrobial resistance surveillance and evidence based empirical therapy are needed to improve treatment decisions and limit resistance dissemination.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asmaa Samir Moshin, Hussein Ali Jamil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vaping related heavy metal exposure and its impact on Rheumatoid Arthritis
As vaping become more commonly practiced, it considered safer and better than traditional cigarette, their safety is still debated, highlighting the need for more rigorous research and clear regulatory oversight. This study Estimate heavy metal concentrations in blood serum. And evaluate the inflammatory effect, immune response alteration of inhaling vape smoke in regular smoker and arthritis patients, whether vaping worsens the progression of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). level of heavy metal were analyzed in both vape liquid sample and serum of all participants using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, statistical comparison were conducted between vape-smoker healthy individuals, rheumatoid patients (RP) , vape-smoker RP , and control group. Heavy metal are chemical elements it is toxic even in low concentration, nickel(Ni) , cadmium(Cd) and lead(Pb) are the most concerning heavy metal in vape liquid . the concentration of three elements in vape smoker group are (27.3±3.78, 2.33±0.58, and 1.0±0.0)ppb respectively. biomarker used in this study include Erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). The result of suggest that inhaled heavy metal in many age groups may contribute to inflammatory response, RA biomarker. The findings of ESR revealed that statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001) between healthy E- smoker individuals with RP and E-smoker RP in addition to significant difference in CRP was observed in middle age groups (36-50) between control and RP group, RP vape smoker group (p < 0.0001). In RP group and RPs vaping group there was a significant difference between young (20-35) and middle-aged (36-50) patients at p-value <0.0001. It indicates the possible connection between vaping related heavy metal exposure and joint problems. Additional studies are required to clarify the causing mechanism and potential long-term exposure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tuqa A. Abdulkareem, Nada abdul Rahman Fleeh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and Clinical Risk Factors of Stroke Among Hypertensive Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Stroke continues to be a primary cause of death and disability which mainly affects patients who have high blood pressure. The research set out to determine how often strokes occur together with their associated clinical risk factors in this specific patient group. Methods: Our research applied a quantitative method to perform a cross-sectional study which included 1,024 patients who had hypertension. Our research team conducted an analysis of 15 variables which included numerical data about patient age and their blood pressure readings and cholesterol measurements and categorical data about their gender and their heart disease status. Our research team conducted statistical analyses to identify which factors most strongly predicted the development of stroke in our patient population. Variables significant only in univariate analysis (p<0.05) but not retained after adjustment are displayed in the Univariate‑only section. ORs are plotted on a logarithmic scale, follows conventions consistent with Stata 17, data analysis through descriptive statistics and machine learning approaches while using Python and Excel as their main software applications. Results: Our research findings demonstrated that 25% of patients with hypertension developed strokes while age emerged as the most critical factor which increased stroke risk. The highest occurrence of 45% appeared in patients who were 70 years old or older. The research showed that glucose levels above 126 mg/dL together with obesity defined by a BMI of 30 kg/m² or higher served as important predictive factors which achieved statistical significance through p-values of 0.002 and 0.01. The presence of heart disease was also linked to increased stroke risk (p 0.001), emphasizing the need for comprehensive assessments in this demographic. Conclusion: The research findings reveal an urgent requirement for focused treatment programs which target adjustable risk elements including patient age and high blood sugar levels and excess body weight in people with hypertension. Our research shows that active control of these risk elements will lower the chance of stroke development which proves that patients need to follow specific lifestyle changes and maintain their health through scheduled checkups to achieve better results for their condition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ioannis Adamopoulos, Aida Vafae Eslahi, Niki Syrou, Harshit Mishra, Panagiotis Tsirkas, Guma Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association Between Serum Lipid Profile and Clinical Indicators of Coronary Artery Disease Severity: A Retrospective Dataset-Based Study
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a major contributor to global morbidity and mortality, and more precise tools for grading angiographic severity are still needed to complement conventional risk assessment. Identifying blood-based biomarkers that reflect disease burden may improve clinical risk stratification and guide earlier, more targeted intervention. Methods: This study conducts a quantitative observational analysis of 500 patients who received angiographically confirmed CAD diagnosis during their coronary angiography procedure. The study collected demographic data together with established cardiovascular risk factors and new biomarkers through analysis of inflammatory markers from standard blood tests and metabolic and oxidative indicators. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) were calculated using standard definitions, and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity was measured as an indicator of antioxidant capacity. The SYNTAX scoring system provided measurements for both CAD severity and the complexity of its anatomical features. The researchers used statistical tests to analyze the relationship between biomarker values and SYNTAX-based disease severity after they established their significance level for all tests. Research findings established that patients with severe CAD exhibited both elevated NLR and modified LMR values which corresponded to their SYNTAX score levels that exceeded 0.01 in significance. In contrast, PON1 activity demonstrated a significant inverse relationship with CAD severity; reduced activity was associated with higher SYNTAX scores (p = 0.03). The research findings demonstrate that inflammatory ratios and antioxidant enzyme activity tests evaluate different aspects of CAD severity which enhances identification of patients with complicated heart disease. Conclusion: The combination of NLR and LMR with PON1 activity enabled independent prediction of CAD severity through angiographic evaluation. The use of these easily accessible biomarkers during standard evaluations will enhance risk assessment methods to identify patients who need urgent care for their complex or severe CAD condition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Omega John Unogwu, Andrea Ngohide Abaagu, Mabel Ike, Chioma Ngozi Dung https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Online Survey to Assess the Relationship Between Hypersensitivity Symptoms and Quality of Life Among a sample of 208 Libyan Residents
Background: Hypersensitivity symptoms are increasingly reported worldwide and are influenced by environmental, behavioral, and climatic factors. In Libya, harsh environmental conditions such as dust storms, air pollution, and widespread exposure to chemical irritants may contribute to a substantial burden of hypersensitivity-related symptoms, yet population-based data remain limited. Objective: This study aimed to identify common hypersensitivity triggers among Libyan residents, assess their impact on daily life, and examine the association between selected demographic and clinical factors and the severity of hypersensitivity-related impairment. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional online survey was conducted between October and December 2024 among 208 participants residing in different regions of Libya. Data on demographic characteristics, self-reported hypersensitivity symptoms, triggers, treatment practices, and daily life impact were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis were performed using Minitab 17 and Python-based tools. Daily life impact was assessed as a composite score reflecting functional and psychosocial consequences. Results: Dust and perfumes were the most frequently reported hypersensitivity triggers, while respiratory symptoms particularly sneezing and breathing difficulties were the most common clinical manifestations. More than half of participants reported not receiving any form of medical treatment. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that Type I hypersensitivity and medication use were significantly associated with greater daily life impact (p < 0.001), whereas demographic and geographic factors were not significant predictors. The regression model explained 8.2% of the variance in daily life impact (R² = 0.082). Conclusion: This study suggests that self-reported hypersensitivity symptoms are common and burdensome among the surveyed Libyan population, affecting physical, psychological, and social aspects of daily life. Although the findings are limited by self-reporting and convenience sampling, they highlight the need for improved public health awareness, better access to diagnostic and therapeutic services, and strengthened allergy management strategies in Libya.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khalid Rajab Mukhtar, Aisha M.A. Shahlol https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chromium's Hidden Role in Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes
In this study, we developed a spectrophotometric method to explore the association of nutrient composition, particularly of chromium, and insulin resistance. Forty volunteers were used for tissue concentrations by using the Oligo-Check spectrophotometer to determine chromium, zinc, and selenium measurements. Subjects were divided into low chromium (n=18) and normal chromium level (n=22) groups. Serum insulin and fasting blood glucose were determined by Roche Cobas systems, and HOMA-IR was calculated according to the formula. Findings showed that insulin resistance was significantly higher in the low chromium group, concluding that; "depleted chromium leads to insulin resistance., The implications of the study emphasize the need of watchfulness and regulation of chromium in patients with insulin resistance. Bullet points: Spectrophotometric Analysis: Chromium, zinc, and selenium levels were measured in 40 volunteers using the Oligo-Check spectrophotometer. Group Comparison: Participants were divided into low-chromium (n = 18) and normal-chromium (n = 22) groups; insulin and fasting glucose were analyzed using Roche Cobas systems. Key Finding: The low-chromium group showed significantly higher HOMA-IR values, indicating that reduced chromium levels contribute to insulin resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatimah Kadhim Ibrahim Al- Mahdawi, Mazin Razooqi Mohammed, Mustafa Ghani Taher, Mudher MB. Alsunbuli, Ammar Kadi, Irina Potoroko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Decision Tree Classification of Y-STR Haplogroups in the Iraq FTDNA Project
In this study, we use public Y-DNA dataset from the Iraq FamilyTreeDNA project and explore the possible power for Y-STRs to predict paternal haplogroups in the Iraqi population using data-mining techniques. The resulting table was cleaned to remove non-individual summary rows, leaving 188 male samples with 89 numeric Y-STR loci and haplogroups confirmed up to October 2023. The key meshed haplogroups collapse into the macro-lineages B, C, D and E with haplogroup E clearly domineering, and several Gini-based decision tree models were created: a binary-classifier (E versus non-E), a classifier for E-M35 versus all other haplogroups, and a model confined to haplogroup E separating E-M35 from all other E subclades. The E vs. non-E tree yielded very high test data accuracy, which reflects the very strong and distinct Y-STR signature of haplogroup E within this sample. While models targeting E-M35 showed moderate yet informative performance, they identified a handful of loci (DYS632, DYS442, DYS439, DYS456, DYS534 and DYS438) as most predictive of the difference between E-M35 and other lineages. These decision trees highlight the simple, interpretable rules that summarize the principal paternal structure in Iraq, and demonstrate both the potentials and weaknesses of decision tree classification with defined haplogroups under high class imbalance and small sample sizes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Hamid Elias, Azhar Hamid Elias, Sajjad Mohammed Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparing in Iraqi Breast Cancer Incidence: Systematic Review
Background: Breast cancer continues to rank among the top causes of cancer-related mortality among women, despite its distinct epidemiological patterns and notable variation. This paper looks at the analysis of breast cancer data for the continent of Asia, of which Iraq is a part, focusing on the most affected provinces, especially the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Material & Methods: Publications from WHO, the International Agency for Research & Cancer, and Cancer Today 2024 on the incidence and mortality of male and female Asian cancer sites were used, with a comparison made to find their indicators (incidence, mortality, and survival rates) in different Iraqi provinces, discussed and illustrated with charts. Results: The results indicated that there were equally likely indicators for males and females; survival rates were in an increasing pattern in Iraq, especially in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Conclusion: The risk of breast cancer increases with a family history, and deaths from breast cancer are reduced if its cases are detected and treated early. Survival rates have shown that these rates are still low despite the development of medical science and the early detection of this type of cancer and the progress of medical treatments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zinah Ameer Abbood, Asmaa Samir Mohsin, Sura Mouaid Abbas, Ashjan Mohammed Hussain , Tareq Hafdi Abdtawfeeq, Nathier A. Ibrahim, Prince Opuni Frimpong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diabetes Health Indicators: Analysis and Cases reported
Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder and silent killer, results from insufficient insulin production or utilization, leading to systemic complications. This study integrates global diabetes data with a local sample from the National Diabetes Center, Mustansiriyah University (Baghdad, Iraq) to provide a comparative perspective. Global data from the *International Diabetes Federation* and *IHME Global Burden of Disease* were analyzed and visualized. Additionally, 50 diabetic patients under treatment and follow-up at the National Center were statistically evaluated using paired sample t-tests in SPSS. Worldwide, diabetes cases reached 536.6 million and are projected to rise to 783.2 million by 2045 (+46%). Undiagnosed cases (239.7 million) and deaths (7.1 million, +71% since 2011) were concentrated in the Western Pacific. Locally, paired t-test results (t = 7.73, t = 8.49, p < 0.001) confirmed significant differences pre- and post-intervention, indicating strong treatment response. By integrating global trends with local patient data, this study highlights the dual challenge of rising prevalence and underdiagnosis worldwide, contrasted with evidence of effective treatment outcomes at a local specialized center.
Copyright (c) 2025 Safiya Saad Dhaif, Sura Mouaid Abbas, Ashjan Mohammed Hussain, Tareq Hafdi abdtawfeeq, Ayat Majeed Zeadan, Hamza Jabbar Jebour, Nathier A. Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating Hydatid Diseases Cases in Mosul Hospitals
Background: Hydatid disease, a zoonotic parasitic infection, remains a significant public health concern in Iraq. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hydatid disease cases in major hospitals in Mosul, Iraq. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted between June 2024 and June 2025 on 50 patients diagnosed with hydatid cysts. Data on age, gender, cyst location, number, and size were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Statistical significance was set at a p-value ≤ 0.05. An independent samples t-test was used to compare the mean number of cysts between patient groups. Results: The highest infection rate was observed in the 1-10 years age group (22%, 11/50), followed by the 21-30 years age group (20%, 10/50). The infection rate was slightly higher in males (52%, 26/50) than in females (48%, 24/50). The liver was the most commonly affected organ (61.29%, 38/62 cysts), followed by the lungs (29.03%, 18/62 cysts). A significant difference was found between the number of patients with a single cyst (78%, 39/50) and those with multiple cysts (22%, 11/50) (p = 0.006). Conclusion: This study confirms the endemicity of hydatid disease in Mosul, with a higher incidence among younger age groups and a slight male predominance. The liver is the primary target organ, with most cases involving a single cyst. These findings highlight the urgent need for robust public health interventions focused on source control and public awareness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wahda A. Kharofa , Abdulrhman Z. Ismael, Abdulhadi R. salah , Abdulqader O. abdulqader , Abdullah M. mohammed, Omar J. atiyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Risk and protective factors associated with buccal soft tissue dehiscence around dental implants
This review defines dehiscence, its classification and anatomical risk factor that makes implant undesirable. Many diagnostic methods to identify the risk/protective indicators of peri-implant soft tissue dehiscence (PISTD) in implants not suffering peri- implantitis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dalia N. AL-Oboudi , Sara A. Alhassani, Layla S. Kadhum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Early Childhood Caries: A Review of Diagnosis, Treatment and Consequences
This review defines early childhood caries at young ages, with reference to its types and how to diagnose it correctly in its various stages. Also, the various preventive methods, which are especially important for children who are more susceptible to tooth decay due to the multiple causes. Various restorations and treatment methods have had excellent effectiveness in preserving primary teeth to prevent and reduce the negative consequences of tooth decay.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dalia N. AL-Oboudi, Layla S. Kadhum, Noor M. Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Postpartum Depression Among Women: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Implications
This study aims to assess the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) among women in Karbala City and examine its association with key demographic, socioeconomic, and obstetric factors. Additionally, the study explores the broader implications of PPD on maternal well-being and healthcare practices. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2023 and June 2024 in healthcare centers affiliated with the Karbala Health Department – Central Sector. A total of 225 postpartum women, aged 15 to 45 years and within the first week to six months postpartum, were selected using purposive non-probability sampling. Data collection involved the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and a structured demographic and obstetric questionnaire. The findings indicate that 38.2% of participants experienced PPD, highlighting a significant public health concern. The majority of women were from extended families (52.0%) and aged 16 to 25 years (51.6%). Most pregnancies were planned (80.9%), and a considerable proportion reported sufficient monthly income (68.4%). While age (p = 0.669) and mode of delivery (p = 0.495) showed no significant association with PPD, socioeconomic status exhibited a near-significant correlation (p = 0.048), suggesting its potential impact on maternal mental health. Furthermore, factors such as limited social support, stressful life events, and previous mental health conditions were observed to contribute to PPD risk. PPD is a prevalent issue among postpartum women in Karbala City, with socioeconomic and psychosocial factors playing a crucial role in its development. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions to address these factors and the integration of mental health services into primary healthcare settings to mitigate PPD's impact on maternal health. Recommendations : Strengthen the role of mental health units in primary healthcare centers to educate women about postpartum depression. Implement routine screening programs for early detection of PPD during postnatal care visits. Conduct further studies to examine the impact of social, demographic, and obstetric factors on PPD risk.
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
Copyright (c) 2025 Iman Hussein Alwan, Salah Mahdi Al-jubouri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association Between Cold Hypersensitivity in the Extremities and Functional Dyspepsia: Insights from a Multicenter Survey Study
The study examined the effects of cold hypersensitivity in hands and feet (CHHF) on the symptoms of functional dyspepsia. A study utilizing survey methods yielded completion from 6044 individuals to determine their Hand and Foot Cold Hypersensitivity status along with their dyspepsia symptomatology. Based on their responses, participants were divided into two groups: A group assigned as CHHF comprised of 1,209 participants felt cold sensations while the remaining 1,744 participants made up a non-CHHF comparison group who experienced warm or neutral sensations. Statistical evaluation of digestive symptom frequencies occurred through chi-square tests and logistic regression methods to generate outcome ratios (ORs) and create propensity scores between the two participant groups. Dyspeptic symptoms such as poor digestion and reduced appetite and upper abdominal discomfort and motion sickness and epigastric burning and postprandial fullness and nausea and bloating were significantly more frequent among participants from the CHHF group. Participants within the CHHF group showed a statistically higher occurrence of dyspeptic symptoms with vomiting and epigastric pain alongside various gastrointestinal problems compared to controls without CHHF. The findings highlight a potential association between CHHF and a higher prevalence of functional dyspepsia symptoms. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that individuals with cold hypersensitivity in the hands and feet are more likely to experience various symptoms of functional dyspepsia. These results underscore the need for further investigation into the underlying mechanisms linking CHHF and dyspepsia, which may have implications for targeted clinical interventions and management strategies for affected individuals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ioannis Adamopoulos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Integral Siddha Medical Therapy and Energy Treatment Sessions Combined with Exercise Versus Exercise Without Treatment for Managing Fibromyalgia Syndrome in Women: A Clinical Study
Researchers examined the results of a 6-week treatment that combined Siddha physical treatment (Varma & Tokamak) along with energy meetings as well as bodybuilding to treat pain symptoms and fatigue and sleep issues and health status as well as quality of life problems in women diagnosed by Fibromyalgia Syndrome; they analyzed these results versus exercise-only treatment intervention. This research used a randomized controlled trial approach to divide participants between Exercise + Siddha group that received manual therapy plus energy sessions (number = 20) and Exercise-only group (number = 20). Participants from both treatment groups received their assigned sessions five days per week for a period of six weeks. The researchers evaluated multiple outcome measures including pain through VAS and fatigue through VAS as well as health status through FIQ and patient quality of life through SF-36 before and after both intervention periods. The data was examined using the signed-rank test by Wilcoxon and the test for Mann-Whitney U. Significant outcome improvement were consistently identified between groups, although the Exercise Plus Siddha intervention resulted in higher overall patient enhancements. Members of this treatment group reported significant decreases in both pain scores and sleep-related disturbances while demonstrating superior health parameter improvements and translation to overall quality of life (p < 0.05). The Exercise-only group demonstrated improvements in pain control and fatigue reduction and sleep patterns (p < 0.05) but their FIQ scoring and SF-36 testing revealed less substantial health and quality of life gains. The data showed both treatment approaches effectively reduced pain and fatigue alongside sleep disturbances while improving FMS patient health status and life quality. ONS therapists found better clinical results When they coupled physical activity with Siddha manual treatment and energy sessions rather than exercise alone. Future research should conduct additional studies involving larger numbers of participants to validate these findings using solid scientific evidence.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ruaa Yasir Altayeb Mohamed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
High Performance Medicine: Involving Artificial Intelligence Models in Enhancing Medical Laws and Medical Negligence Matters A Case Study of Act, 2009 (Act 792) in Ghana
This paper examines Ghana's Interpretation Act, 2009 for applicability in AI medical negligence cases. Doctrinal analysis focuses on causation and liability apportionment provisions. Findings reveal opacity and distributed responsibility issues in attributing algorithm harm via "but-for" and related tests. However, contributory liability and proportionality stipulations provide means for an equitable remedy. Recommendations include codifying AI accountability through updated laws and jurisprudence, plus transparency requirements for medical AI approvals. Ensuring current law dynamically governs emerging technologies remains vital for public welfare. The analysis aims to spur policy adaptations, balancing innovation with adequate causation tests and flexible liability rules for AI medical harms.
Copyright (c) 2025 George Benneh Mensah, Maad M. Mijwil, Mostafa Abotaleb, Guma Ali, Pushan Kumar Dutta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comprehensive Survey on Mortality and Kidney Failure Risks in Adults with Severe Chronic Kidney Disease
This large-scale research examines the main modifiable factors of the natural history and treatment of CKD, focusing on hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and the effects of social demographics. Based on 2,000 patients the study outlines how uncontrolled hypertension and diabetes not only progress CKD at an alarming rate but also exponentially raise the chances of suffering severe complications in the future. This study also reveals that smoking potency increases these unfavorable outcome profiles more severely than was assumed in the current nephrology literature. More importantly, the current study demonstrates deep rooted socio-economic differences that hinder access to adequate treatment and exacerbate the disease process calling for intensified health care system targeted intervention. Such differences demonstrate the facts that populations with poor access to physicians remain unable to obtain the proper treatment for their diseases, and that affects their overall health status. The study supports strict control of BP and glucose as the key elements in the secondary prevention of progressive CKD. In this paper, it urges decision-makers in the health sector to do more in developing and advancing policies that would transform screening and the accessibility of needed treatments more efficiently especially but not limited to disadvantaged groups of the population. Included in the medical management of patients, the study favours the inclusion of social determinants of health in public health interventions to counterbalance the effects of SES. It thus seeks to enhance the understanding of clinical implications of patients with CKD, favorably transform patients’ prognosis, and inform community measures bent on enhancing patient care. These conclusions raise many directions for ramifications that could be vital for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers who intend to work against CKD and decrease its cost on society.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hayder Abbood, MD, FACP https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating alveolar bone thickness in upper and lower incisors from orthodontic perspective. A Cone beam computed tomography-based retrospective study
Purpose: This study aimed to assess the thickness of alveolar bone of maxillary and mandibular incisors from orthodontics perspective. Materials and Method: A total of 73 Cone beam computed tomography for Iraqi patients (47 females and 26 males) were included in this study. The selected images were captured and imported to AutoCAD database software to perform the measurement. To measure alveolar bone thickness, a reference line was drawn through the long axis of each incisor, from the incisal edge to the root apex. Then, labial and lingual/palatal perpendicular lines were drawn to the reference line at 3, 6, and 9mm apically from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). Results: The buccal bone is generally thinner than the lingual/palatal bone. The bone gets relatively thicker closer to the apex. The buccal bone for all lower incisors was less than 1 mm at 3- and 6-mm distance. It was slightly thicker at the central incisor as compared to the lateral at 9-mm distance. Genders have a difference in the thickness of the palatal alveolar bone in their right and left lateral incisors, which are 3mm and 9mm, respectively. Alveolar bone thickness is significantly positively correlated with several teeth. Conclusions: Males and females in this study showed comparable alveolar bone thickness. The alveolar bone thickness increased with increasing age. It is essential to assess the thickness of alveolar bone pre-orthodontic treatment (especially for patients with thin biotype, and those cases that involve labial proclination of the lower incisors).
Copyright (c) 2024 Yassir A. Yassir, Layla S. Kadhum, Dalia N. Al-Oboudi, Ammar S. Kadhum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study The Bacterial Resistance of Antibiotic From Opportunistic Bacteria
Globally, antibiotic resistance results in considerable morbidity and mortality. The introduction of antibiotics in the 1900s led to the belief that humans had triumphed over microorganisms. Bacteria's ability to develop antibiotic resistance was swiftly recognized. Antimicrobial resistance seems to be prevalent in the majority of harmful microorganisms. The main mechanisms of resistance include restricting drug absorption, altering a drug target, inactivating a drug, and active efflux. These mechanisms may be intrinsic or obtained from other microorganisms. Comprehending these systems will improve the treatment of infectious diseases and facilitate the development of antimicrobial agents capable of withstanding microbial resistance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Zahraa Ali Hussein , Zahraa Ammar Talib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever)
Infectious agents that are responsible for typhoid fever are mostly Salmonella typhi and Salmonella Para-typhi, both of which belong to the family of bacteria known as Enterobacteriaceae. Following a thorough investigation, multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used in order to isolate Salmonella enterica serovar and enteritidis. In most cases, gastroenteritis is the only symptom that is associated with nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), which mostly affects neonates. In addition to being spread by contaminated water, raw food, and clusters of sick persons, salmonella is most prevalent in urban regions with a high population density, locations that are experiencing civil upheaval, and areas that have inadequate sanitation. Only between sick persons can the disease be passed on; humans are the only vectors that can spread the disease. Salmonella is most often found in chickens, dairy products, and sometimes in tortoises that are very unusual. From the moment they arrived, the patients were transferred to the Observed Treatment section of the Department of Medicine at the DMMC, SMHRC Nagpur. A important public health problem that affects people all throughout the world, particularly in less developed countries, is enteric fever. Annually, there are around 800 to 900 cases of typhoid fever that are reported in metropolitan areas, according to studies. In spite of the fact that it is inexpensive and easily available, the Widal test need to be conducted with caution. In order to educate citizens on the necessity of preventative measures, immunizations, and seeing a physician, among other things, extensive public awareness initiatives need to be carried out. Healthcare professionals have a responsibility to acknowledge the emergence of innovative antibacterial medications that are not only safe but also effective, in addition to the ongoing development of antibiotic resistance. Additionally, the profession has to be prepared for the development of innovative treatment and preventative strategies .
Copyright (c) 2024 Zainab Ali Gouda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Future of Surgery: Robotic-Assisted Procedures and Their Impact
The integration of robotic-assisted systems in surgical procedures is redefining the landscape of modern medicine. These advanced robotic systems offer unmatched precision, enhanced control, and improved visualization, enabling surgeons to perform complex surgeries with minimal invasiveness. The resulting benefits, including shorter recovery times, reduced blood loss, and decreased risks of human error, have fostered widespread acceptance of robotic surgery across various medical fields, such as urology, gynecology, and cardiothoracic surgery. This paper explores the historical evolution of robotic surgery, current applications, advantages, limitations, and the impact of these technologies on healthcare systems and patient outcomes. It also discusses the ethical and economic considerations surrounding the expansion of robotic-assisted surgery. As robotic technologies continue to evolve, their adoption promises to further enhance patient care and surgical efficiency, though it requires careful oversight and strategic investment to ensure equitable access and long-term viability.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdulazeez AlSajri, Nour Hariry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Nurses Knowledge about Children Measles
Although life-threatening, measles (Rubeola) still generates epidemics. Refusing vaccination leaves vulnerable groups exposed to the virus upon importation from endemic nations. Children and other susceptible people may get the infection from these people. Rubella, a mild, self-limiting illness with fever and rash, is usually acquired postnatally. Coughing and sneezing aerosols spread the virus 7 days after the rash. CRS, the primary cause of birth abnormalities and miscarriages, is a significant pregnancy condition. The disease is worse in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Vaccination may prevent the illness despite its severe consequences and irreparable abnormalities. This review discusses rubella vaccination's role in eradicating this dangerous illness.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mashreq Ahmed Shishkhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Despite the fact that X-rays are used in a variety of fields, their application in medicine is of the utmost importance because of the substantial function they play in recognizing some ailments and in making therapy more accessible for others. Researchers make it their mission to make the most of every new scientific discovery by making use of the characteristics that have been uncovered by it. In the first chapter of this investigation, the formation of these rays, as well as their primary characteristics and their location within the electromagnetic spectrum, were the primary topics of discussion. The influence of radiation on human organs, such as the brain and the spleen, is discussed in the second chapter, which also identifies the indications that indicate possible dangerous exposure levels to the body. There is a possibility that the effects will be chemical or biological. The third chapter takes a look at the most common applications of .
Copyright (c) 2024 Muntather Ali jaloud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A novel motivation tool to encourage smoking cessation in Iraq
Introduction: Smoking is one of the most important causes of diseases and affects the health of the body in general and the health of the lungs in particular. There is a significant increase in smoking rates among Iraqi adults after 2003 until now. The term lung age is a term that can be inferred from it about the extent to which the lungs are affected by causes of diseases such as smoking. Objective: To create knowledge about the importance of using lung age concept in order to encourage smoking cessation. Methodology: A comprehensive search was conducted for many studies on several sites including Google Scholar, Scopus and PubMed in order to find out whether using the concept lung age can encourage smoking cessation or not. Results: Studies have shown that using lung age concept can contribute to motivating smokers to quit smoking twice compared with non-motivated smokers. Conclusion: Smokers knowing their lung age can motivate them to quit smoking and it is important to use this term in developing countries after conducting a spirometer test
Copyright (c) 2024 Alaa Alsajri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The pathogenicity of the gastric bacteria and its potential threat to humans
Following the initial identification of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach and the following recognition of its detrimental effects, contemporary gastroenterology has advanced significantly. Research undertaken over nearly forty years has revealed that the bacteria is linked to the natural history of several upper gastrointestinal illnesses. Epidemiologic studies reveal a greater prevalence of autoimmune disorders occurring during or subsequent to infections with certain germs. Research findings indicate that H. pylori may act as a catalyst for infectious autoimmunity and might be linked to several autoimmune illnesses, both innate and acquired. This research aims to deliver sufficient preventive and community information while rectifying misconceptions about H. pylori infection, and to examine the existing resistance related to H. pylori as a potential contributor to autoimmune disorders, including autoimmune thyroiditis, inflammatory bowel disease, and analogous conditions. This study focuses on several investigated and analyzed autoimmune illnesses.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hussein Kazim Jakhir , Ahmed Mohammed, Zainab Sattar, Haider Karim , Amjad Saffah , Risan Taleb, Haider Saad, Hamid Alwan , Hassan Jamal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comprehensive study of natural and synthetic dyes: their properties, methods of preparation, and uses
The use of natural dyes in the dying process was one of the oldest procedures used by the ancients. Obtaining dyes from natural sources means extracting them from plants and animals. Colors are derived from natural sources. Dyes can be divided into two categories: natural dyes and synthetic dyes. Synthetic dyes include saffron dyes and azo dyes, the latter being one of several types of organic compounds that are produced in large quantities through industrial processes. Dyeing is a process that involves the use of dyes in the dyeing process of textiles and food products. Fabrics are colored with different dyes for different types of fibers, while wool and silk are directly dyed with acidic and synthetic dyes. The food additives we are exposed to on a daily basis cause our bodies to produce toxins. On the other hand, consumers have become more concerned about their food as a result of their understanding of the risks posed by these additives and the toxicity they contain. Dyes, natural dyes, azo dyes, and toxic dyes are just a few of the key terms.
Copyright (c) 2024 Afnan Nasser Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence-Driven Diagnostic Systems for Early Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy: Integrating Retinal Imaging and Clinical Data
The global shortage of donor liver transplants poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems, with thousands of patients dying each year while on waiting lists This study examines the potential of technological liver transplantation 3D bioprinting and advanced stem cell technologies serve as solutions to address this important issue The goal was to create functional liver tissues that are complex structures of the natural liver and some of the important functions, and assess its viability as an alternative organ donor includes hepatocytes and other liver-specific cell types with an optimal pro-mesenchymal differentiation pattern stem cells ( MSCs). Research results showed that these compounds are capable of important liver functions such as liver function, urea excretion, pharmacokinetics, in vitro and in vivo conditions in addition to promising discovery together with early testing in animal models as a viable alternative that represents an important step towards biosynthetic implants.
Copyright (c) 2023 Yuqing Yang, Haiyang Wang, Chaofan Ji, Yitong Niu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Engineering Bioartificial Liver Constructs Using 3D Bioprinting and Stem Cell Technology: Addressing Organ Shortages for Transplantation
The global shortage of donor liver transplants poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems, with thousands of patients dying each year while on waiting lists This study examines the potential of technological liver transplantation 3D bioprinting and advanced stem cell technologies serve as solutions to address this important issue The goal was to create functional liver tissues that are complex structures of the natural liver and some of the important functions, and assess its viability as an alternative organ donor includes hepatocytes and other liver-specific cell types with an optimal pro-mesenchymal differentiation pattern stem cells ( MSCs). Experimental results indicated that these compounds could perform important hepatic functions such as hepatic metabolism, urea synthesis, pharmacokinetics, under in vitro and in vivo conditions in addition to promising a have been carried out with foreign tissues through pre-testing in animal models and showed that although further improvements are needed, especially in improving tissues and ensuring long-term function, findings in this review represents a significant step toward the development of bioartificial livers as alternatives to conventional liver transplantation.
Copyright (c) 2023 Xiang Li , Haoyuan Pan, Jianling Yao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0