SHIFAA (E_ISSN 3078-2686) is an esteemed academic journal dedicated to publishing high-quality medical research that advances the understanding and practice of healthcare. As a publication of Peninsula Publishing Press, located in Dubai, Shifaa aims to bridge the gap between innovative medical research and clinical practice, promoting evidence-based solutions that address global health challenges. Our journal welcomes original research, reviews, and case studies across all areas of medicine, fostering a platform for scholars, clinicians, and researchers to share their findings and contribute to the medical community.
An Online Survey to Assess the Relationship Between Hypersensitivity Symptoms and Quality of Life Among a sample of 208 Libyan Residents
Background: Hypersensitivity symptoms are increasingly reported worldwide and are influenced by environmental, behavioral, and climatic factors. In Libya, harsh environmental conditions such as dust storms, air pollution, and widespread exposure to chemical irritants may contribute to a substantial burden of hypersensitivity-related symptoms, yet population-based data remain limited. Objective: This study aimed to identify common hypersensitivity triggers among Libyan residents, assess their impact on daily life, and examine the association between selected demographic and clinical factors and the severity of hypersensitivity-related impairment. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional online survey was conducted between October and December 2024 among 208 participants residing in different regions of Libya. Data on demographic characteristics, self-reported hypersensitivity symptoms, triggers, treatment practices, and daily life impact were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis were performed using Minitab 17 and Python-based tools. Daily life impact was assessed as a composite score reflecting functional and psychosocial consequences. Results: Dust and perfumes were the most frequently reported hypersensitivity triggers, while respiratory symptoms particularly sneezing and breathing difficulties were the most common clinical manifestations. More than half of participants reported not receiving any form of medical treatment. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that Type I hypersensitivity and medication use were significantly associated with greater daily life impact (p < 0.001), whereas demographic and geographic factors were not significant predictors. The regression model explained 8.2% of the variance in daily life impact (R² = 0.082). Conclusion: This study suggests that self-reported hypersensitivity symptoms are common and burdensome among the surveyed Libyan population, affecting physical, psychological, and social aspects of daily life. Although the findings are limited by self-reporting and convenience sampling, they highlight the need for improved public health awareness, better access to diagnostic and therapeutic services, and strengthened allergy management strategies in Libya.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khalid Rajab Mukhtar, Aisha M.A. Shahlol https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chromium's Hidden Role in Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes
In this study, we developed a spectrophotometric method to explore the association of nutrient composition, particularly of chromium, and insulin resistance. Forty volunteers were used for tissue concentrations by using the Oligo-Check spectrophotometer to determine chromium, zinc, and selenium measurements. Subjects were divided into low chromium (n=18) and normal chromium level (n=22) groups. Serum insulin and fasting blood glucose were determined by Roche Cobas systems, and HOMA-IR was calculated according to the formula. Findings showed that insulin resistance was significantly higher in the low chromium group, concluding that; "depleted chromium leads to insulin resistance., The implications of the study emphasize the need of watchfulness and regulation of chromium in patients with insulin resistance. Bullet points: Spectrophotometric Analysis: Chromium, zinc, and selenium levels were measured in 40 volunteers using the Oligo-Check spectrophotometer. Group Comparison: Participants were divided into low-chromium (n = 18) and normal-chromium (n = 22) groups; insulin and fasting glucose were analyzed using Roche Cobas systems. Key Finding: The low-chromium group showed significantly higher HOMA-IR values, indicating that reduced chromium levels contribute to insulin resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatimah Kadhim Ibrahim Al- Mahdawi, Mazin Razooqi Mohammed, Mustafa Ghani Taher, Mudher MB. Alsunbuli, Ammar Kadi, Irina Potoroko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Decision Tree Classification of Y-STR Haplogroups in the Iraq FTDNA Project
In this study, we use public Y-DNA dataset from the Iraq FamilyTreeDNA project and explore the possible power for Y-STRs to predict paternal haplogroups in the Iraqi population using data-mining techniques. The resulting table was cleaned to remove non-individual summary rows, leaving 188 male samples with 89 numeric Y-STR loci and haplogroups confirmed up to October 2023. The key meshed haplogroups collapse into the macro-lineages B, C, D and E with haplogroup E clearly domineering, and several Gini-based decision tree models were created: a binary-classifier (E versus non-E), a classifier for E-M35 versus all other haplogroups, and a model confined to haplogroup E separating E-M35 from all other E subclades. The E vs. non-E tree yielded very high test data accuracy, which reflects the very strong and distinct Y-STR signature of haplogroup E within this sample. While models targeting E-M35 showed moderate yet informative performance, they identified a handful of loci (DYS632, DYS442, DYS439, DYS456, DYS534 and DYS438) as most predictive of the difference between E-M35 and other lineages. These decision trees highlight the simple, interpretable rules that summarize the principal paternal structure in Iraq, and demonstrate both the potentials and weaknesses of decision tree classification with defined haplogroups under high class imbalance and small sample sizes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Hamid Elias, Azhar Hamid Elias, Sajjad Mohammed Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparing in Iraqi Breast Cancer Incidence: Systematic Review
Background: Breast cancer continues to rank among the top causes of cancer-related mortality among women, despite its distinct epidemiological patterns and notable variation. This paper looks at the analysis of breast cancer data for the continent of Asia, of which Iraq is a part, focusing on the most affected provinces, especially the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Material & Methods: Publications from WHO, the International Agency for Research & Cancer, and Cancer Today 2024 on the incidence and mortality of male and female Asian cancer sites were used, with a comparison made to find their indicators (incidence, mortality, and survival rates) in different Iraqi provinces, discussed and illustrated with charts. Results: The results indicated that there were equally likely indicators for males and females; survival rates were in an increasing pattern in Iraq, especially in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Conclusion: The risk of breast cancer increases with a family history, and deaths from breast cancer are reduced if its cases are detected and treated early. Survival rates have shown that these rates are still low despite the development of medical science and the early detection of this type of cancer and the progress of medical treatments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zinah Ameer Abbood, Asmaa Samir Mohsin, Sura Mouaid Abbas, Ashjan Mohammed Hussain , Tareq Hafdi Abdtawfeeq, Nathier A. Ibrahim, Prince Opuni Frimpong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diabetes Health Indicators: Analysis and Cases reported
Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder and silent killer, results from insufficient insulin production or utilization, leading to systemic complications. This study integrates global diabetes data with a local sample from the National Diabetes Center, Mustansiriyah University (Baghdad, Iraq) to provide a comparative perspective. Global data from the *International Diabetes Federation* and *IHME Global Burden of Disease* were analyzed and visualized. Additionally, 50 diabetic patients under treatment and follow-up at the National Center were statistically evaluated using paired sample t-tests in SPSS. Worldwide, diabetes cases reached 536.6 million and are projected to rise to 783.2 million by 2045 (+46%). Undiagnosed cases (239.7 million) and deaths (7.1 million, +71% since 2011) were concentrated in the Western Pacific. Locally, paired t-test results (t = 7.73, t = 8.49, p < 0.001) confirmed significant differences pre- and post-intervention, indicating strong treatment response. By integrating global trends with local patient data, this study highlights the dual challenge of rising prevalence and underdiagnosis worldwide, contrasted with evidence of effective treatment outcomes at a local specialized center.
Copyright (c) 2025 Safiya Saad Dhaif, Sura Mouaid Abbas, Ashjan Mohammed Hussain, Tareq Hafdi abdtawfeeq, Ayat Majeed Zeadan, Hamza Jabbar Jebour, Nathier A. Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating Hydatid Diseases Cases in Mosul Hospitals
Background: Hydatid disease, a zoonotic parasitic infection, remains a significant public health concern in Iraq. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hydatid disease cases in major hospitals in Mosul, Iraq. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted between June 2024 and June 2025 on 50 patients diagnosed with hydatid cysts. Data on age, gender, cyst location, number, and size were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Statistical significance was set at a p-value ≤ 0.05. An independent samples t-test was used to compare the mean number of cysts between patient groups. Results: The highest infection rate was observed in the 1-10 years age group (22%, 11/50), followed by the 21-30 years age group (20%, 10/50). The infection rate was slightly higher in males (52%, 26/50) than in females (48%, 24/50). The liver was the most commonly affected organ (61.29%, 38/62 cysts), followed by the lungs (29.03%, 18/62 cysts). A significant difference was found between the number of patients with a single cyst (78%, 39/50) and those with multiple cysts (22%, 11/50) (p = 0.006). Conclusion: This study confirms the endemicity of hydatid disease in Mosul, with a higher incidence among younger age groups and a slight male predominance. The liver is the primary target organ, with most cases involving a single cyst. These findings highlight the urgent need for robust public health interventions focused on source control and public awareness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wahda A. Kharofa , Abdulrhman Z. Ismael, Abdulhadi R. salah , Abdulqader O. abdulqader , Abdullah M. mohammed, Omar J. atiyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Risk and protective factors associated with buccal soft tissue dehiscence around dental implants
This review defines dehiscence, its classification and anatomical risk factor that makes implant undesirable. Many diagnostic methods to identify the risk/protective indicators of peri-implant soft tissue dehiscence (PISTD) in implants not suffering peri- implantitis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dalia N. AL-Oboudi , Sara A. Alhassani, Layla S. Kadhum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Early Childhood Caries: A Review of Diagnosis, Treatment and Consequences
This review defines early childhood caries at young ages, with reference to its types and how to diagnose it correctly in its various stages. Also, the various preventive methods, which are especially important for children who are more susceptible to tooth decay due to the multiple causes. Various restorations and treatment methods have had excellent effectiveness in preserving primary teeth to prevent and reduce the negative consequences of tooth decay.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dalia N. AL-Oboudi, Layla S. Kadhum, Noor M. Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Postpartum Depression Among Women: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Implications
This study aims to assess the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) among women in Karbala City and examine its association with key demographic, socioeconomic, and obstetric factors. Additionally, the study explores the broader implications of PPD on maternal well-being and healthcare practices. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2023 and June 2024 in healthcare centers affiliated with the Karbala Health Department – Central Sector. A total of 225 postpartum women, aged 15 to 45 years and within the first week to six months postpartum, were selected using purposive non-probability sampling. Data collection involved the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and a structured demographic and obstetric questionnaire. The findings indicate that 38.2% of participants experienced PPD, highlighting a significant public health concern. The majority of women were from extended families (52.0%) and aged 16 to 25 years (51.6%). Most pregnancies were planned (80.9%), and a considerable proportion reported sufficient monthly income (68.4%). While age (p = 0.669) and mode of delivery (p = 0.495) showed no significant association with PPD, socioeconomic status exhibited a near-significant correlation (p = 0.048), suggesting its potential impact on maternal mental health. Furthermore, factors such as limited social support, stressful life events, and previous mental health conditions were observed to contribute to PPD risk. PPD is a prevalent issue among postpartum women in Karbala City, with socioeconomic and psychosocial factors playing a crucial role in its development. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions to address these factors and the integration of mental health services into primary healthcare settings to mitigate PPD's impact on maternal health. Recommendations : Strengthen the role of mental health units in primary healthcare centers to educate women about postpartum depression. Implement routine screening programs for early detection of PPD during postnatal care visits. Conduct further studies to examine the impact of social, demographic, and obstetric factors on PPD risk.
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
Copyright (c) 2025 Iman Hussein Alwan, Salah Mahdi Al-jubouri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association Between Cold Hypersensitivity in the Extremities and Functional Dyspepsia: Insights from a Multicenter Survey Study
The study examined the effects of cold hypersensitivity in hands and feet (CHHF) on the symptoms of functional dyspepsia. A study utilizing survey methods yielded completion from 6044 individuals to determine their Hand and Foot Cold Hypersensitivity status along with their dyspepsia symptomatology. Based on their responses, participants were divided into two groups: A group assigned as CHHF comprised of 1,209 participants felt cold sensations while the remaining 1,744 participants made up a non-CHHF comparison group who experienced warm or neutral sensations. Statistical evaluation of digestive symptom frequencies occurred through chi-square tests and logistic regression methods to generate outcome ratios (ORs) and create propensity scores between the two participant groups. Dyspeptic symptoms such as poor digestion and reduced appetite and upper abdominal discomfort and motion sickness and epigastric burning and postprandial fullness and nausea and bloating were significantly more frequent among participants from the CHHF group. Participants within the CHHF group showed a statistically higher occurrence of dyspeptic symptoms with vomiting and epigastric pain alongside various gastrointestinal problems compared to controls without CHHF. The findings highlight a potential association between CHHF and a higher prevalence of functional dyspepsia symptoms. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that individuals with cold hypersensitivity in the hands and feet are more likely to experience various symptoms of functional dyspepsia. These results underscore the need for further investigation into the underlying mechanisms linking CHHF and dyspepsia, which may have implications for targeted clinical interventions and management strategies for affected individuals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ioannis Adamopoulos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Integral Siddha Medical Therapy and Energy Treatment Sessions Combined with Exercise Versus Exercise Without Treatment for Managing Fibromyalgia Syndrome in Women: A Clinical Study
Researchers examined the results of a 6-week treatment that combined Siddha physical treatment (Varma & Tokamak) along with energy meetings as well as bodybuilding to treat pain symptoms and fatigue and sleep issues and health status as well as quality of life problems in women diagnosed by Fibromyalgia Syndrome; they analyzed these results versus exercise-only treatment intervention. This research used a randomized controlled trial approach to divide participants between Exercise + Siddha group that received manual therapy plus energy sessions (number = 20) and Exercise-only group (number = 20). Participants from both treatment groups received their assigned sessions five days per week for a period of six weeks. The researchers evaluated multiple outcome measures including pain through VAS and fatigue through VAS as well as health status through FIQ and patient quality of life through SF-36 before and after both intervention periods. The data was examined using the signed-rank test by Wilcoxon and the test for Mann-Whitney U. Significant outcome improvement were consistently identified between groups, although the Exercise Plus Siddha intervention resulted in higher overall patient enhancements. Members of this treatment group reported significant decreases in both pain scores and sleep-related disturbances while demonstrating superior health parameter improvements and translation to overall quality of life (p < 0.05). The Exercise-only group demonstrated improvements in pain control and fatigue reduction and sleep patterns (p < 0.05) but their FIQ scoring and SF-36 testing revealed less substantial health and quality of life gains. The data showed both treatment approaches effectively reduced pain and fatigue alongside sleep disturbances while improving FMS patient health status and life quality. ONS therapists found better clinical results When they coupled physical activity with Siddha manual treatment and energy sessions rather than exercise alone. Future research should conduct additional studies involving larger numbers of participants to validate these findings using solid scientific evidence.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ruaa Yasir Altayeb Mohamed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
High Performance Medicine: Involving Artificial Intelligence Models in Enhancing Medical Laws and Medical Negligence Matters A Case Study of Act, 2009 (Act 792) in Ghana
This paper examines Ghana's Interpretation Act, 2009 for applicability in AI medical negligence cases. Doctrinal analysis focuses on causation and liability apportionment provisions. Findings reveal opacity and distributed responsibility issues in attributing algorithm harm via "but-for" and related tests. However, contributory liability and proportionality stipulations provide means for an equitable remedy. Recommendations include codifying AI accountability through updated laws and jurisprudence, plus transparency requirements for medical AI approvals. Ensuring current law dynamically governs emerging technologies remains vital for public welfare. The analysis aims to spur policy adaptations, balancing innovation with adequate causation tests and flexible liability rules for AI medical harms.
Copyright (c) 2025 George Benneh Mensah, Maad M. Mijwil, Mostafa Abotaleb, Guma Ali, Pushan Kumar Dutta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comprehensive Survey on Mortality and Kidney Failure Risks in Adults with Severe Chronic Kidney Disease
This large-scale research examines the main modifiable factors of the natural history and treatment of CKD, focusing on hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and the effects of social demographics. Based on 2,000 patients the study outlines how uncontrolled hypertension and diabetes not only progress CKD at an alarming rate but also exponentially raise the chances of suffering severe complications in the future. This study also reveals that smoking potency increases these unfavorable outcome profiles more severely than was assumed in the current nephrology literature. More importantly, the current study demonstrates deep rooted socio-economic differences that hinder access to adequate treatment and exacerbate the disease process calling for intensified health care system targeted intervention. Such differences demonstrate the facts that populations with poor access to physicians remain unable to obtain the proper treatment for their diseases, and that affects their overall health status. The study supports strict control of BP and glucose as the key elements in the secondary prevention of progressive CKD. In this paper, it urges decision-makers in the health sector to do more in developing and advancing policies that would transform screening and the accessibility of needed treatments more efficiently especially but not limited to disadvantaged groups of the population. Included in the medical management of patients, the study favours the inclusion of social determinants of health in public health interventions to counterbalance the effects of SES. It thus seeks to enhance the understanding of clinical implications of patients with CKD, favorably transform patients’ prognosis, and inform community measures bent on enhancing patient care. These conclusions raise many directions for ramifications that could be vital for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers who intend to work against CKD and decrease its cost on society.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hayder Abbood, MD, FACP https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating alveolar bone thickness in upper and lower incisors from orthodontic perspective. A Cone beam computed tomography-based retrospective study
Purpose: This study aimed to assess the thickness of alveolar bone of maxillary and mandibular incisors from orthodontics perspective. Materials and Method: A total of 73 Cone beam computed tomography for Iraqi patients (47 females and 26 males) were included in this study. The selected images were captured and imported to AutoCAD database software to perform the measurement. To measure alveolar bone thickness, a reference line was drawn through the long axis of each incisor, from the incisal edge to the root apex. Then, labial and lingual/palatal perpendicular lines were drawn to the reference line at 3, 6, and 9mm apically from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). Results: The buccal bone is generally thinner than the lingual/palatal bone. The bone gets relatively thicker closer to the apex. The buccal bone for all lower incisors was less than 1 mm at 3- and 6-mm distance. It was slightly thicker at the central incisor as compared to the lateral at 9-mm distance. Genders have a difference in the thickness of the palatal alveolar bone in their right and left lateral incisors, which are 3mm and 9mm, respectively. Alveolar bone thickness is significantly positively correlated with several teeth. Conclusions: Males and females in this study showed comparable alveolar bone thickness. The alveolar bone thickness increased with increasing age. It is essential to assess the thickness of alveolar bone pre-orthodontic treatment (especially for patients with thin biotype, and those cases that involve labial proclination of the lower incisors).
Copyright (c) 2024 Yassir A. Yassir, Layla S. Kadhum, Dalia N. Al-Oboudi, Ammar S. Kadhum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study The Bacterial Resistance of Antibiotic From Opportunistic Bacteria
Globally, antibiotic resistance results in considerable morbidity and mortality. The introduction of antibiotics in the 1900s led to the belief that humans had triumphed over microorganisms. Bacteria's ability to develop antibiotic resistance was swiftly recognized. Antimicrobial resistance seems to be prevalent in the majority of harmful microorganisms. The main mechanisms of resistance include restricting drug absorption, altering a drug target, inactivating a drug, and active efflux. These mechanisms may be intrinsic or obtained from other microorganisms. Comprehending these systems will improve the treatment of infectious diseases and facilitate the development of antimicrobial agents capable of withstanding microbial resistance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Zahraa Ali Hussein , Zahraa Ammar Talib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever)
Infectious agents that are responsible for typhoid fever are mostly Salmonella typhi and Salmonella Para-typhi, both of which belong to the family of bacteria known as Enterobacteriaceae. Following a thorough investigation, multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used in order to isolate Salmonella enterica serovar and enteritidis. In most cases, gastroenteritis is the only symptom that is associated with nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), which mostly affects neonates. In addition to being spread by contaminated water, raw food, and clusters of sick persons, salmonella is most prevalent in urban regions with a high population density, locations that are experiencing civil upheaval, and areas that have inadequate sanitation. Only between sick persons can the disease be passed on; humans are the only vectors that can spread the disease. Salmonella is most often found in chickens, dairy products, and sometimes in tortoises that are very unusual. From the moment they arrived, the patients were transferred to the Observed Treatment section of the Department of Medicine at the DMMC, SMHRC Nagpur. A important public health problem that affects people all throughout the world, particularly in less developed countries, is enteric fever. Annually, there are around 800 to 900 cases of typhoid fever that are reported in metropolitan areas, according to studies. In spite of the fact that it is inexpensive and easily available, the Widal test need to be conducted with caution. In order to educate citizens on the necessity of preventative measures, immunizations, and seeing a physician, among other things, extensive public awareness initiatives need to be carried out. Healthcare professionals have a responsibility to acknowledge the emergence of innovative antibacterial medications that are not only safe but also effective, in addition to the ongoing development of antibiotic resistance. Additionally, the profession has to be prepared for the development of innovative treatment and preventative strategies .
Copyright (c) 2024 Zainab Ali Gouda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Future of Surgery: Robotic-Assisted Procedures and Their Impact
The integration of robotic-assisted systems in surgical procedures is redefining the landscape of modern medicine. These advanced robotic systems offer unmatched precision, enhanced control, and improved visualization, enabling surgeons to perform complex surgeries with minimal invasiveness. The resulting benefits, including shorter recovery times, reduced blood loss, and decreased risks of human error, have fostered widespread acceptance of robotic surgery across various medical fields, such as urology, gynecology, and cardiothoracic surgery. This paper explores the historical evolution of robotic surgery, current applications, advantages, limitations, and the impact of these technologies on healthcare systems and patient outcomes. It also discusses the ethical and economic considerations surrounding the expansion of robotic-assisted surgery. As robotic technologies continue to evolve, their adoption promises to further enhance patient care and surgical efficiency, though it requires careful oversight and strategic investment to ensure equitable access and long-term viability.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdulazeez AlSajri, Nour Hariry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Nurses Knowledge about Children Measles
Although life-threatening, measles (Rubeola) still generates epidemics. Refusing vaccination leaves vulnerable groups exposed to the virus upon importation from endemic nations. Children and other susceptible people may get the infection from these people. Rubella, a mild, self-limiting illness with fever and rash, is usually acquired postnatally. Coughing and sneezing aerosols spread the virus 7 days after the rash. CRS, the primary cause of birth abnormalities and miscarriages, is a significant pregnancy condition. The disease is worse in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Vaccination may prevent the illness despite its severe consequences and irreparable abnormalities. This review discusses rubella vaccination's role in eradicating this dangerous illness.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mashreq Ahmed Shishkhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Despite the fact that X-rays are used in a variety of fields, their application in medicine is of the utmost importance because of the substantial function they play in recognizing some ailments and in making therapy more accessible for others. Researchers make it their mission to make the most of every new scientific discovery by making use of the characteristics that have been uncovered by it. In the first chapter of this investigation, the formation of these rays, as well as their primary characteristics and their location within the electromagnetic spectrum, were the primary topics of discussion. The influence of radiation on human organs, such as the brain and the spleen, is discussed in the second chapter, which also identifies the indications that indicate possible dangerous exposure levels to the body. There is a possibility that the effects will be chemical or biological. The third chapter takes a look at the most common applications of .
Copyright (c) 2024 Muntather Ali jaloud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A novel motivation tool to encourage smoking cessation in Iraq
Introduction: Smoking is one of the most important causes of diseases and affects the health of the body in general and the health of the lungs in particular. There is a significant increase in smoking rates among Iraqi adults after 2003 until now. The term lung age is a term that can be inferred from it about the extent to which the lungs are affected by causes of diseases such as smoking. Objective: To create knowledge about the importance of using lung age concept in order to encourage smoking cessation. Methodology: A comprehensive search was conducted for many studies on several sites including Google Scholar, Scopus and PubMed in order to find out whether using the concept lung age can encourage smoking cessation or not. Results: Studies have shown that using lung age concept can contribute to motivating smokers to quit smoking twice compared with non-motivated smokers. Conclusion: Smokers knowing their lung age can motivate them to quit smoking and it is important to use this term in developing countries after conducting a spirometer test
Copyright (c) 2024 Alaa Alsajri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The pathogenicity of the gastric bacteria and its potential threat to humans
Following the initial identification of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach and the following recognition of its detrimental effects, contemporary gastroenterology has advanced significantly. Research undertaken over nearly forty years has revealed that the bacteria is linked to the natural history of several upper gastrointestinal illnesses. Epidemiologic studies reveal a greater prevalence of autoimmune disorders occurring during or subsequent to infections with certain germs. Research findings indicate that H. pylori may act as a catalyst for infectious autoimmunity and might be linked to several autoimmune illnesses, both innate and acquired. This research aims to deliver sufficient preventive and community information while rectifying misconceptions about H. pylori infection, and to examine the existing resistance related to H. pylori as a potential contributor to autoimmune disorders, including autoimmune thyroiditis, inflammatory bowel disease, and analogous conditions. This study focuses on several investigated and analyzed autoimmune illnesses.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hussein Kazim Jakhir , Ahmed Mohammed, Zainab Sattar, Haider Karim , Amjad Saffah , Risan Taleb, Haider Saad, Hamid Alwan , Hassan Jamal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comprehensive study of natural and synthetic dyes: their properties, methods of preparation, and uses
The use of natural dyes in the dying process was one of the oldest procedures used by the ancients. Obtaining dyes from natural sources means extracting them from plants and animals. Colors are derived from natural sources. Dyes can be divided into two categories: natural dyes and synthetic dyes. Synthetic dyes include saffron dyes and azo dyes, the latter being one of several types of organic compounds that are produced in large quantities through industrial processes. Dyeing is a process that involves the use of dyes in the dyeing process of textiles and food products. Fabrics are colored with different dyes for different types of fibers, while wool and silk are directly dyed with acidic and synthetic dyes. The food additives we are exposed to on a daily basis cause our bodies to produce toxins. On the other hand, consumers have become more concerned about their food as a result of their understanding of the risks posed by these additives and the toxicity they contain. Dyes, natural dyes, azo dyes, and toxic dyes are just a few of the key terms.
Copyright (c) 2024 Afnan Nasser Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence-Driven Diagnostic Systems for Early Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy: Integrating Retinal Imaging and Clinical Data
The global shortage of donor liver transplants poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems, with thousands of patients dying each year while on waiting lists This study examines the potential of technological liver transplantation 3D bioprinting and advanced stem cell technologies serve as solutions to address this important issue The goal was to create functional liver tissues that are complex structures of the natural liver and some of the important functions, and assess its viability as an alternative organ donor includes hepatocytes and other liver-specific cell types with an optimal pro-mesenchymal differentiation pattern stem cells ( MSCs). Research results showed that these compounds are capable of important liver functions such as liver function, urea excretion, pharmacokinetics, in vitro and in vivo conditions in addition to promising discovery together with early testing in animal models as a viable alternative that represents an important step towards biosynthetic implants.
Copyright (c) 2023 Yuqing Yang, Haiyang Wang, Chaofan Ji, Yitong Niu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Engineering Bioartificial Liver Constructs Using 3D Bioprinting and Stem Cell Technology: Addressing Organ Shortages for Transplantation
The global shortage of donor liver transplants poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems, with thousands of patients dying each year while on waiting lists This study examines the potential of technological liver transplantation 3D bioprinting and advanced stem cell technologies serve as solutions to address this important issue The goal was to create functional liver tissues that are complex structures of the natural liver and some of the important functions, and assess its viability as an alternative organ donor includes hepatocytes and other liver-specific cell types with an optimal pro-mesenchymal differentiation pattern stem cells ( MSCs). Experimental results indicated that these compounds could perform important hepatic functions such as hepatic metabolism, urea synthesis, pharmacokinetics, under in vitro and in vivo conditions in addition to promising a have been carried out with foreign tissues through pre-testing in animal models and showed that although further improvements are needed, especially in improving tissues and ensuring long-term function, findings in this review represents a significant step toward the development of bioartificial livers as alternatives to conventional liver transplantation.
Copyright (c) 2023 Xiang Li , Haoyuan Pan, Jianling Yao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Role of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in the Pathogenesis and Advancement of Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Multi-Omics Approach
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases pose significant global health challenges due to their progressive rate and lack of effective therapies Recent research suggests an important role for gut bacteria small play in the incidence and progression of these diseases, but the mechanisms remain elusive , it is comprehensive-sufficient- omics- When the method was applied, the study used pathways used microbial screening methods with 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomics to screen working water samples from AD patients and healthy controls to identify specific microbial changes and their relationships between them and disease severity There was a decrease in beneficial bacteria and an increase in harmful, inflammatory bacteria such as Escherichia/Shigella. These microbial changes were associated with moderate cognitive impairment, as measured by Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) scores. Analysis of the metabolites indicated that these microbial alterations could affect important pathways, including the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and immune modulation, a may increase neurodegeneration and neurodegeneration Our contributions include identification of species and metabolites, and exploration of potential therapeutic targets Dysbiotic microbial signatures identified in AD patients and microbial-based interventions, such as probiotics, dietary modifications, and fecal microbial transplantation, have been administered to restore a healthy gut microbiota and reduce some of the symptoms of disease
Copyright (c) 2023 Mayasa M. Abdulrahman , Shahad ihsan kadhum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Epigenetic Modifications as Predictive Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Disease: A Longitudinal Study on DNA Methylation Patterns and Disease Risk
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death worldwide, and early detection and prevention are essential to reduce its burden. Although traditional risk factors such as hypertension and lipid levels are standard predictors, they tend to identify the risk of disease at a later date There is an urgent need to develop more accurate, leading-edge biomarkers indicating molecular changes that occur before the onset of clinical symptoms. Epigenetic changes, in particular DNA methylation, provide a promising approach to identify individuals at risk for CVD. Despite advances in understanding the genetic underpinnings of CVD, little is known about how dynamic epigenetic modifications influenced by environmental and lifestyle factors can serve as early predictive biomarkers the risk of the disease. This study aims to address this gap by investigating whether DNA methylation patterns can predict future CVD risk before clinical manifestations. The primary objective of this study was to systematically investigate the association between DNA methylation patterns and CVD risk. Specifically, the study seeks to identify regions where DNA methylation changes are associated with cardiovascular outcomes and investigate the predictive potential of these epigenetic changes for future disease. 1,000 participants aged 30-75 years were followed for 5 to 10 years. Periodic blood samples were collected for DNA methylation analysis by bisulfite sequencing and microarrays. Major CVD risk factors such as adiposity, hypertension and smoking status were also controlled. Comprehensive statistical models were used to assess the association between DNA methylation changes and CVD incidence. Participants who developed CVD showed significant differences in DNA methylation in regions associated with lipid metabolism (e.g., APOA5) and inflammation (e.g., TNF-α) Over time, those who developed heart disease and vascular events revealed progressive hyper methylation of key genes, with 85% sensitivity 78 to predict future CVD risk % and specificity skin. These methylation patterns were discovered years before the appearance of conventional clinical pathology. This study shows that DNA methylation patterns are determinants of acute cardiovascular risk, providing a novel approach for early detection and prevention The findings suggest the inclusion of epigenetic biomarkers in routine risk assessment about may improve the identification of individuals at high risk for CVD It is important to inform individuals at high risk of CVD of the diagnosis and to explore possible interventions that can alter change a occurs in this epigenetic and reduced CVD risk.
Copyright (c) 2023 M.A. Burhanuddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Using Dental Pulp Cells Derived from Stem Cells to Promote Dentin and Pulp Tissue Regeneration in Severe Tooth Decay: A Translational Research Method
Severe tooth decay is considered to be one of the major threats to dental health, which usually leads to the loss of tooth structure and, thus, its functional impairment. Traditional methods of dental treatment, like extractions, root canals, and fillings, may further contribute to more complications and do not really replace natural characteristics of teeth. In view of providing a biological answer to this common problem, the present study explores the potential of DPCs produced from stem cells for the regeneration of dentin and pulp tissue. The aims of this study were to produce and isolate DPCs, produce appropriate scaffold materials, and evaluate their in vivo and in vitro regeneration capacities. As opposed to the in vivo studies, which evaluated integration and functionality of regenerated tissues in animal models, studies in vitro focused on cell viability, proliferation, and odontoblastic differentiation. It has succeeded in establishing effective scaffold environments that would help in regeneration of dental tissues and demonstrated the ability of DPCs to differentiate into odontoblast-like cells. Further, it has developed standardized techniques for isolating and culturing DPCs. The study also provides a comprehensive evaluation framework through histological and functional assessments and will therefore play an important role in progress of regenerative dentistry. The results indicated that DPCs had high in vitro proliferation and cell survival. Further, they showed prominent mineral deposition and expression of odontoblastic markers like DMP1 and DSPP. High integration scores and functional restoration comparable to natural dentin testified that the regenerated tissues integrated very well with native tooth structures in vivo. These results open the way for DPC-based treatments to achieve structurally and functionally sound dental tissue regeneration.
Copyright (c) 2023 Azmi Shawkat Abdulbaqi, Haitham Abbas Khalaf, Ismail@Ismail Yusuf Panessai , Tareq Hamad Abed, Othman jasim mohameed, Omar Salah Al deen Shawqi, Qusay Hatem Alsultan, Bahjat Hardan Sulaiman, Mohammed kareem mohammed, Salah Ayad Jassim, Younus khalaf jabur, Israa Hussain Abd alla, Salwa Mohammed Nejrs https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Gene Correction of CFTR Mutations in Cystic Fibrosis: Evaluating Efficacy, Safety, and Long-Term Outcomes in Patient-Derived Lung Organoids
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the *CFTR* gene, leading to severe respiratory and digestive problems. Current therapies including AAV gene therapy, small molecule modifiers, and RNA-based therapies only partially restore *CFTR* function, leaving a need for more effective therapies The aim of this review is to address CRISPR-1. Cas9-mediated genetic correction in patient derived lung organoids Efficacy, safety and long-term outcomes are evaluated as a novel strategy for CF therapy. Our goal was to achieve high gene editing efficiency, restore *CFTR* function to near normal levels, and evaluate the safety of this approach by monitoring off-target effects CRISPR-Cas9 achieved 75% average gene editing efficiency, with recovery of *CFTR* function up to 85%, AAV gene therapy (35% efficiency, 50). % Functional restoration), small molecule modulators (60% functional restoration), and... RNA-based therapy (57% functional restoration). Off-target effects were small, observed at 0.5%, confirming the accuracy of CRISPR-Cas9 in correcting *CFTR* mutations. The use of patient-derived lung organoids proved important for modeling the ailment and trying out healing interventions, providing excessive personalization ability and the cap potential to reveal long-time period stability. The look at concludes that CRISPR-Cas9, while carried out to patient-derived lung organoids, represents a promising development withinside the remedy of Cystic Fibrosis, providing advanced efficacy and personalization as compared to present methods. However, the excessive fee and moral concerns related to CRISPR-Cas9 necessitate similarly studies to optimize its utility and make sure its protection in medical settings.
Copyright (c) 2023 SHIFAA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and Synthesis of Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of Chemotherapeutics in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Type three breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive form of breast cancer that lacks targeted therapies, leading to poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options The development of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) provides find a promising strategy for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to reduce systemic toxicity , enhancing therapeutic efficacy This review focuses on the design and synthesis of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents in TNBC. Polymeric nanoparticles were synthesized from biocompatible and biodegradable materials, ensuring safe degradation and excretion from the body. Nanoparticles are engineered to encapsulate and release therapeutics in a controlled manner, specifically targeting TNBC cells. Surface modification of nanoparticles with targeting ligands is used to enhance selective binding of TNBC cell receptors, improve drug delivery efficiency, and reduce off-target effects Dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning to evaluate physicochemical properties, morphology, and drug release profiles a synthesized nanoparticles Microscopic examination (SEM). ), characterization methods including drug excretion testing were used. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated increased cellular uptake, targeted drug delivery, and significant cytotoxicity of nanoparticles against TNBC cells, with decreased toxicity to possessing cells healthy The findings suggest that biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have great potential as targeted therapeutic platforms for TNBC provide. Further optimization and clinical studies are needed to translate this approach into viable treatments for patients with TNBC.
Pharmacogenomic Profiling to Tailor Antidepressant Therapy: Improving Treatment Outcomes and Reducing Adverse Drug Reactions in Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) presents a significant challenge in clinical practice due to the variability in patient responses to antidepressants and the high incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The traditional trial-and-error approach to prescribing antidepressants often results in prolonged treatment periods, increased patient suffering, and higher healthcare costs. This study investigates the benefits of pharmacogenomic profiling to tailor antidepressant therapy, aiming to improve treatment outcomes and reduce ADRs. The primary objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of personalized medication selection based on genetic profiles, reduce the time to achieve therapeutic efficacy, and enhance patient safety by minimizing ADRs. Pharmacogenomic testing methodologies, including genotyping and whole genome sequencing, were employed to identify genetic polymorphisms affecting drug metabolism and response. Key findings indicate that personalized antidepressant therapy increases response rates by 20-30% and reduces the time to symptom relief by 50%. The incidence of ADRs was decreased by 40-50% through tailored dosing and medication selection. Additionally, pharmacogenomic profiling identified 90% of high-risk patients before treatment, enabling preventive measures and personalized interventions. Dosage accuracy improved by 25-35%, contributing to better treatment outcomes. Economic analysis revealed substantial cost savings, with average annual savings of $2,000-$4,000 per patient and potential healthcare system savings of $100 million annually. The adoption of pharmacogenomic testing has increased from 5% to 25% of clinics over the past five years, demonstrating growing recognition of its clinical utility. This study underscores the transformative potential of pharmacogenomic profiling in optimizing antidepressant therapy, enhancing patient care, and reducing healthcare costs. Future research should focus on expanding genetic panels, increasing population diversity, and developing strategies for broader clinical integration.