Assessment of Postpartum Depression Among Women: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Implications

Abstract

This study aims to assess the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) among women in Karbala 
City and examine its association with key demographic, socioeconomic, and obstetric factors. 
Additionally, the study explores the broader implications of PPD on maternal well-being and 
healthcare practices. 
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2023 and June 2024 in 
healthcare centers affiliated with the Karbala Health Department – Central Sector. A total of 225 
postpartum women, aged 15 to 45 years and within the first week to six months postpartum, were 
selected using purposive non-probability sampling. Data collection involved the Edinburgh Postnatal 
Depression Scale (EPDS) and a structured demographic and obstetric questionnaire. 
The findings indicate that 38.2% of participants experienced PPD, highlighting a significant public 
health concern. The majority of women were from extended families (52.0%) and aged 16 to 25 years 
(51.6%). Most pregnancies were planned (80.9%), and a considerable proportion reported sufficient 
monthly income (68.4%). While age (p = 0.669) and mode of delivery (p = 0.495) showed no 
significant association with PPD, socioeconomic status exhibited a near-significant correlation (p = 
0.048), suggesting its potential impact on maternal mental health. Furthermore, factors such as limited 
social support, stressful life events, and previous mental health conditions were observed to contribute 
to PPD risk. 
PPD is a prevalent issue among postpartum women in Karbala City, with socioeconomic and 
psychosocial factors playing a crucial role in its development. These findings emphasize the need for 
targeted interventions to address these factors and the integration of mental health services into primary 
healthcare settings to mitigate PPD's impact on maternal health. Recommendations : Strengthen the role 
of mental health units in primary healthcare centers to educate women about postpartum depression. 
Implement routine screening programs for early detection of PPD during postnatal care visits. Conduct 
further studies to examine the impact of social, demographic, and obstetric factors on PPD risk.