Cybersecurity Challenges in Autonomous Vehicles: Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Mitigation Strategies

Abstract

As autonomous vehicles (AVs) become an integral part of modern transportation, their complex systems face increasing cybersecurity threats. This review examines the critical cybersecurity challenges posed by AVs, focusing on external and internal threats including hackers, cybercriminals, and software vulnerabilities Denial of service (DoS); including AVs that rely on sophisticated communications networks, sensor systems, and artificial intelligence (AI), are highly susceptible to cyberattacks such as counterfeiting and remote control abuse. The problem statement identifies this threat as a serious threat to vehicle safety and the broader transportation system, and highlights the need for robust cybersecurity measures. The purpose of this study is to classify cybersecurity vulnerabilities in AV systems, assess potential risks, and propose effective mitigation measures The study investigates technical vulnerabilities in software, communication systems, sensors, . AI algorithms, as well as systematic challenges and regulatory gaps in AV delivery. In response, the study provides comprehensive mitigation strategies, with policy recommendations to develop effective global cybersecurity standards and regulatory frameworks including encryption, intrusion detection systems , secure software updates, and integrating post-quantum cryptography to address future threats from quantum computer programming. The results highlight the need for a multilevel cybersecurity strategy that incorporates both technical and legal solutions. The findings suggest that a holistic approach is needed to secure AV systems, addressing not only implementation can significantly reduce the risk of cyberattacks, and ensure that autonomous vehicles operate safely and reliably in a highly connected world.