KHWARIZMIA, a publication under Peninsula Publishing Press, is committed to maintaining the highest ethical standards in its publishing endeavors. It adheres to the guidelines set forth by the Committee on Publication Ethics and champions best practices for conducting, reporting, editing, and publishing scholarly work. Submission of a manuscript to KHWARIZMIA implies that all authors have reviewed and approved its contents, and that the manuscript complies with KHWARIZMIA’s established policies and ethical standards.

Advertising

KHWARIZMIA does not accept advertisements from external organizations.

Author Affiliations
Authors are required to fully disclose their affiliations to appropriately acknowledge the institutions or organizations that supported, funded, or carried out the research or academic work.

• For articles that are not research-based, authors should indicate their current institutional affiliation.
• If an author's institutional affiliation changed before the article's publication, they should list the affiliation pertinent to the research and also state their current institution.
• Authors who do not have a current institutional affiliation must explicitly declare their independent status.

Handling Appeals and Complaints

Any complaints, concerns, or appeals regarding authorship disputes or the peer-review process, including those arising after publication, should be directed to the Editors-in-Chief. They will investigate these claims by initially gathering information from all involved parties and then proposing a resolution that aligns with the academic ethical principles outlined by the Committee on Publishing Ethics. The review or publication of submissions may be suspended until these issues are satisfactorily resolved. If the Editors-in-Chief are involved in the complaint, the Editorial Board, led by its most senior member, will conduct the investigation and recommend a solution.

Acknowledgments

Individuals who contribute to a manuscript's development but do not meet the criteria for authorship, along with organizations that provide financial or other forms of support, should be appropriately acknowledged.

Authorship Requirements

Authorship is crucial for recognizing significant contributions to a work and for ensuring accountability for its content. To be listed as an author, individuals must satisfy all of the following criteria:

• They must have made a substantial intellectual contribution to the reported work, encompassing its conceptualization, study design, execution, data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
• They must have participated in drafting, significantly revising, or critically evaluating the article for intellectual content.
• They must have given their explicit consent for submission to KHWARIZMIA.
• They must have reviewed and approved all versions of the article, including the initial submission, subsequent revisions, the final accepted manuscript, and any major changes made during the proofing stage.
• They must agree to be fully responsible and accountable for the article's content and to address any concerns regarding its accuracy or integrity post-publication.
  Any changes to the authorship list, whether before or after publication, necessitate the approval of all authors, including those being added or removed. The corresponding author is responsible for obtaining confirmation from all co-authors and providing a clear rationale for the change. If an authorship change is necessary after publication, it will be documented with a post-publication notice. All authorship changes must adhere to the established criteria, and significant modifications to the author list after acceptance may be rejected if sufficient reasons and evidence of author contributions are not provided.

Authorship Criteria

Authorship requires significant involvement in three key areas:

• Conceptualization and Design: This includes developing the study idea, designing it, collecting data, or analyzing and interpreting results.
• Manuscript Development: This involves writing the article or critically reviewing its intellectual content.
• Final Approval: Giving the ultimate approval for the version to be published.

Simply securing funding, collecting data without further involvement, or supervising a team are not sufficient for authorship. Each author must be publicly accountable for their specific contributions. The order of authors should reflect their contributions and cannot be changed post-submission without everyone's written consent. KHWARIZMIA sets limits on the number of authors per manuscript, depending on its type and scope, requiring justification for exceeding these limits.

Contribution Details

Authors must clearly specify each contributor's role in the manuscript, categorizing contributions into areas like conceptualization, design, data acquisition, analysis, drafting, or editing. These details will be published with the article. Additionally, one or more authors must act as 'guarantors,' taking full responsibility for the entire work from start to finish.

Citations

All articles, whether research or non-research, must include relevant, current, and verified citations to support all claims. Authors should avoid excessive self-citation or reciprocal citation agreements, as these are considered academic misconduct. Non-research articles should feature pertinent and balanced references that avoid bias towards specific groups or organizations, including KHWARIZMIA. If uncertain about citing a source, authors should consult the KHWARIZMIA editorial office.

Conflicts of Interest/Competing Interests

All authors are required to disclose any potential conflicts of interest related to the publication, mentioned institutions or products, or factors crucial to the study's outcome. This also includes conflicts with products that might compete with those discussed in the submission.

Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions

Corrections to published articles need approval from KHWARIZMIA's editor. Minor corrections are applied directly to the original article. For significant corrections, the original article remains unchanged, but a corrected version is published alongside it, with both versions linked and a statement explaining the major change. Retractions follow COPE guidelines.

Consent for Publication

For any manuscript containing details or images of an individual, written informed consent for publication under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 must be obtained from that person. If the individual is deceased, consent must come from their next of kin. The manuscript must include a statement confirming that this consent was acquired.

Confidentiality

Submitted manuscripts are confidential documents. Peninsula Publishing Press limits access to essential personnel for processing and preparation, including editorial staff, authors, reviewers, and editors. However, in cases of suspected misconduct, the manuscript may be shared with the Peninsula Publishing Press’s ethics committees and other relevant bodies to resolve the issue, following applicable COPE guidelines.

Copyright Policy

Core Principle

For additional details, please consult KHWARIZMIA's Aims & Scope page.

Submission Eligibility

Any individual is eligible to submit an original manuscript to KHWARIZMIA if they either own the copyright or have explicit permission from the copyright holder. Authors automatically maintain copyright ownership of their work until it is published.

Reader Privileges

KHWARIZMIA, which is published by Peninsula Publishing Press, operates as an Open Access journal. Authors retain the copyright for their published articles. Readers are authorized to access, download, duplicate, distribute, print, search, or create links to the complete text of articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This license permits users to reproduce, share, adapt, and utilize the content for commercial purposes, provided proper credit is given to the original author and source.

Open Access Framework

KHWARIZMIA, a publication of Peninsula Publishing Press, functions as an Open Access journal. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, transmit, alter, or build upon the contributions, and to use the articles for commercial purposes, given that appropriate acknowledgment is made to the author and source. For a complete understanding, please review the full license at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.

Author Safeguards

While authors maintain their copyright and rights for academic usage, the Publisher is granted authorization to publish and disseminate the content.

Data Falsification or Fabrication

The intentional manipulation or invention of data is considered a severe form of misconduct because it misleads and compromises the integrity of scholarly records, leading to serious and lasting negative consequences. Authors are required to confirm that all data presented in their manuscripts are precise and accurately represented. To assist with KHWARIZMIA's review process, authors must retain all raw data utilized in their submissions. Failure to produce original data when requested may result in the rejection or retraction of a manuscript or a published paper.

Data Sharing Guidelines

KHWARIZMIA's policy on data sharing aims to improve transparency, reproducibility, and the advancement of knowledge within the academic community. We strongly encourage authors to share their research data appropriately and promptly, and we optimize our submission processes to facilitate this. Our objective is to standardize data guidelines for authors to clarify options for storage and sharing, thereby maximizing access to and reuse of data. We advocate for proper data citation to ensure that contributors are acknowledged for their data sharing efforts. By collaborating closely with the scientific community, we are committed to establishing robust data review practices to validate, document, and enable the reuse of published research data. Furthermore, we support the publication of research data as separate, peer-reviewed outputs to increase reusability and provide additional recognition for authors.

Data Sharing Expectations

Authors are encouraged to make their data publicly available whenever feasible, unless privacy, confidentiality, or legal reasons prevent them from doing so. Data should be shared in a manner that allows for the verification of results and facilitates its reuse in future research.

Data Availability Statements

Authors must include a Data Availability Statement in their manuscripts, clearly indicating where the supporting data can be accessed, or providing an explanation for why it cannot be shared. Examples of acceptable statements include:

• Public Repository Data: "The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available in [repository name/link]."
• Data on Request: "The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request."
• No Data: "No datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study."

Desk Rejection Criteria

KHWARIZMIA, published by Peninsula Publishing Press, may promptly reject submissions prior to formal peer review if they meet any of the following conditions:

• Irrelevance: The subject matter or scope does not align with KHWARIZMIA's editorial focus.
• Ethical Problems: The manuscript exhibits issues with publication ethics, violates international guidelines, or contains plagiarism.
• Low Impact/Novelty: The study lacks sufficient significance or does not provide a substantial new contribution to its field.
• Methodological Weaknesses: The study design contains notable deficiencies.
• Unclear Objectives: The research goals are not clearly defined.
• Poor Structure: The manuscript's organization is problematic, or essential components are missing.
• Language Quality: The quality of writing, grammar, or style is below acceptable standards.
• Guideline Non-compliance: The manuscript fails to adhere to KHWARIZMIA's submission guidelines.

Duplicate Submission and Publication Policy

Authors submitting to KHWARIZMIA must confirm that their manuscript is not currently under consideration by any other journal. Submitting the same work simultaneously elsewhere constitutes a serious violation of publishing ethics. This policy also applies to articles previously published in a different language. If authors wish to resubmit a work previously published elsewhere in an acceptable secondary format, they must obtain explicit permission from the original publisher and copyright holder. They must also inform the KHWARIZMIA Editor about the article's publication history and explicitly state that it is a translated version, providing a citation to the original work, in accordance with ICMJE guidance.

Funding Disclosure

KHWARIZMIA requires authors to disclose all funding sources, including financial support, within their manuscript. Authors should clearly specify the funding body's role, if any, in the study's design, execution, analysis, or the preparation and submission of the manuscript. If the funder had no involvement, this must also be explicitly stated. Authors are responsible for ensuring this information is accurate and meets the funder’s specific requirements.

Images and Figures Guidelines

KHWARIZMIA only accepts images and figures that are directly pertinent to the reported research and significantly aid comprehension. Content that is purely illustrative without academic merit should be excluded. As part of your publishing agreement, you are responsible for securing the necessary written authorization to include any copyrighted material from third parties in your article. This includes text, illustrations, tables, data, audio, video, film stills, screenshots, musical notation, and supplementary materials. If photographs, videos, or audio recordings could potentially identify patients or study participants, their use necessitates explicit "Consent to Publish" from those individuals. Authors must also consider cultural sensitivities or restrictions regarding images in their manuscripts. For example, images of human remains or deceased individuals may be restricted in certain cultures, requiring adherence to appropriate ethical guidelines, including community approval processes. Experimental photographic images, such as those from microscopy, must accurately represent the original. Any alterations or enhancements must be fully disclosed and explained in the manuscript and its figure legend to avoid misleading readers. Authors should be prepared to provide original, uncropped, unannotated, and unprocessed images to the KHWARIZMIA editorial office upon request. Minor adjustments are only permissible if applied uniformly across the entire image. Authors must detail their image-gathering methods and any modification processes, including the software used. Modifications that alter the scientific interpretation of an image are strictly forbidden. If images or figures originate from another published source, authors must obtain the required permission for reuse from the copyright holder. A statement confirming this permission must be included in the figure legend. The original source must always be cited, even if the image is not copyrighted or is available under a license permitting unrestricted reuse.

Misconduct

KHWARIZMIA is unwavering in its commitment to addressing all forms of improper conduct, initiating decisive measures in alignment with COPE guidelines to preserve the trustworthiness of academic records. Misconduct encompasses, but is not restricted to, the following behaviors:

• False Affiliations: Supplying incorrect details regarding one's institution or organization.
• Copyright Infringement: Utilizing copyrighted material without obtaining appropriate authorization.
• Citation Manipulation: Deliberately inserting citations with the sole purpose of artificially inflating citation metrics for particular authors or publications.
• Duplicate Submissions/Publications: Presenting or publishing identical work in multiple venues without proper disclosure.
• "Ethics Dumping": Conducting research in regions where ethical standards are less stringent than those in one's home country, which would be considered unethical there.
• Image/Data Manipulation: Purposely altering or fabricating experimental findings, including visual data.
• Peer Review Interference: Attempts to unduly influence the process of peer review.
• Plagiarism: Employing the ideas, words, or work of another person without appropriate acknowledgment.
• Self-Plagiarism/Text-Recycling: Reusing significant portions of one's own previously published work without proper citation and disclosure.
• Undisclosed Conflicts of Interest: Failing to declare any financial or other interests that could potentially introduce bias into the research.
• Unethical Research: Engaging in research activities that do not conform to established ethical standards and guidelines.

Specific Instances of Misconduct:

• Duplicate Submission: Manuscripts that have already been published or are currently undergoing review elsewhere will face penalties. If authors build upon their own previously published or submitted work, they are required to cite it and clearly explain the new contributions.
• Citation Manipulation: Submissions primarily utilizing citations to artificially boost citation counts for authors or journals will incur penalties.
• Data Fabrication/Falsification: Manuscripts discovered to contain fabricated or falsified experimental results, including manipulated images, will result in penalties.
• Improper Authorship: All individuals listed as authors must have made substantial scientific contributions and provided approval for all claims. Everyone who contributed significantly, including students and technicians, should be acknowledged.
• Redundant Publications: This refers to the inappropriate division of study outcomes into multiple articles.
• Image Manipulation: Deliberate and improper alteration or fabrication of images is considered severe misconduct, as its intention is to mislead and damage the scholarly record. KHWARIZMIA mandates that all images be accurate and free from manipulation. Specific features should not be enhanced, obscured, moved, removed, or introduced without complete disclosure. Minor adjustments to brightness, contrast, or color balance are permissible only if they do not distort the scientific meaning. The grouping of images from different sections of gels, western blots, or microscope images must be explicitly stated. Failure to supply original, unedited images upon request may lead to rejection or retraction. Misconduct also encompasses any violation of KHWARIZMIA's editorial policy, publication ethics, or pertinent guidelines from COPE, WAME, ICMJE, and STM. Any other activities that jeopardize the integrity of research or the publication process are also regarded as potential misconduct. Suspected cases will be investigated following COPE flowcharts.

Publication Ethics

KHWARIZMIA and its editorial board are dedicated to upholding the utmost ethical standards in publishing, strictly adhering to the policies and principles established by the Committee on Publication Ethics.

Editor Responsibilities

• Publication Decisions: The KHWARIZMIA editorial board is responsible for determining which articles to publish, taking into account reviewer recommendations and legal mandates concerning defamation, copyright, and plagiarism. Decisions are made objectively, free from bias based on an author's nationality, ethnicity, political beliefs, race, or religion.
• Confidentiality, Disclosure, and Conflicts of Interest: Editors are obligated to maintain strict confidentiality regarding submitted manuscripts. Information is shared exclusively with the corresponding author, reviewers, potential reviewers, and essential editorial advisors. Editors, reviewers, or other readers are prohibited from using unpublished findings or ideas from a manuscript for their own research without the author's explicit written consent. Readers will be informed about the sources of research funding and any involvement of the funder.
• Author Relations: KHWARIZMIA editors ensure a fair, impartial, and timely peer-review process. Clear policies are in place to manage submissions from editorial board members to guarantee an unbiased review. Author guidelines also detail the criteria for authorship.
• Reviewer Relations: KHWARIZMIA encourages reviewers to report ethical concerns or potential misconduct and to identify instances of redundant publication or plagiarism. Reviewers' comments are shared entirely with authors, unless they are offensive or libelous. KHWARIZMIA acknowledges reviewer contributions and discontinues collaboration with those who consistently provide discourteous, low-quality, or late reviews.
• Quality Assurance: Editors are responsible for ensuring the quality of published material, recognizing the varied aims and standards across different sections. They must confirm ethical approval for research where applicable, remain vigilant about intellectual property, and collaborate with Peninsula Publishing Press to address legal breaches. Errors, inaccuracies, or misleading statements must be corrected promptly and conspicuously.

Reviewer Responsibilities

• Assisting Editorial Decisions: Reviewers assist the editorial board in making publication decisions. Reviews should be objective, supported by clear arguments, to help authors enhance their papers. Personal criticism directed at the author is inappropriate.
• Reviewer Qualification: Referees who believe they are unqualified or unable to provide a timely review must inform the editor and withdraw immediately. Reviewers must recuse themselves from manuscripts where conflicts of interest exist due to competitive, collaborative, or other relationships with authors, companies, or institutions associated with the research.
• Confidentiality: All manuscripts under review must be treated as confidential. Privileged information or ideas acquired during the peer-review process must remain confidential and not be used for personal gain.
• Source Acknowledgment: Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited. References to the ideas of others must always be cited. Reviewers should also alert the editor to any significant similarities or overlaps between the manuscript and any other published paper they are aware of.

Author Responsibilities

• Reporting Standards: Authors of original research should accurately present their work and objectively discuss its significance. The underlying data must be precisely represented. Authors should be prepared to provide public access to raw data and retain it for at least two years post-publication. Deliberately fraudulent or inaccurate statements are unethical and unacceptable.
• Originality, Plagiarism, and Concurrent Publication: Authors must ensure that their work is entirely original and that all external ideas, words, or work are properly acknowledged. Plagiarism in any form is unacceptable. Submitting essentially the same manuscript to multiple journals simultaneously is also unethical.
• Disclosure and Conflicts of Interest: All authors must disclose any financial or substantial conflicts of interest within their manuscript that could potentially influence the results or interpretation. All sources of financial support must also be disclosed.
• Authorship: The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that all appropriate co-authors are included, that no inappropriate co-authors are listed, and that all co-authors have reviewed and approved the final version and consented to its submission. All significant contributors should be listed as co-authors; others who contributed to specific aspects should be acknowledged.
• Correcting Published Errors: If an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in their published work, they are obligated to promptly inform the KHWARIZMIA editor and collaborate to retract or correct the paper.

 

Peer Review Process

Every manuscript submitted to KHWARIZMIA undergoes a comprehensive peer review process to ensure it adheres to stringent academic benchmarks. Following an initial editorial assessment, submissions are forwarded to reviewers. KHWARIZMIA employs a double-blind review system, which means that the identities of both the authors and the reviewers are kept confidential from each other. The ultimate decision regarding the acceptance or rejection of a manuscript rests with the editorial board, guided by the recommendations from the reviewers. Occasionally, our Research Integrity team may seek additional expert advice beyond the standard peer review, particularly for submissions that involve significant ethical, security, biosecurity, or societal considerations. In such instances, we might consult specialized experts and the academic editor to determine appropriate actions, which could include engaging reviewers with specific expertise, additional evaluation by other editors, or deciding not to proceed with the submission.

Plagiarism Policy

KHWARIZMIA enforces a rigorous anti-plagiarism policy that prohibits the unacknowledged use of intellectual property belonging to others, including their ideas, written material, or research. Submissions found to contain any type of plagiarism—whether it's partial, complete, duplicated, redundant, or self-plagiarized content—will be rejected. However, material already accessible in Preprint archives is not considered a duplicate publication. The corresponding author bears responsibility for the manuscript throughout its evaluation and publication phases, acting as the authorized representative for all co-authors. To verify originality, all submitted manuscripts are examined for plagiarism using advanced software. Manuscripts exhibiting an unacceptable level of similarity due to plagiarism will be immediately declined.

Preprint Guidelines

Authors are permitted to share their preprints at any time without any restrictions. Once a manuscript has been accepted for publication, authors are encouraged to establish a link between their preprint and the final published version using its Digital Object Identifier. Furthermore, authors have the option to update their preprints on platforms like arXiv or RePEc to reflect their accepted manuscript.

Protecting Patient Privacy Rights

To safeguard patient privacy, identifiable information must not be published unless it is scientifically essential and the patient has provided explicit informed consent. Authors must ensure that patient names are removed from figures unless specific informed consent has been obtained. KHWARIZMIA adheres to the ICMJE guidelines, which stipulate:

• Authors, not KHWARIZMIA or Peninsula Publishing Press, are accountable for acquiring and securely storing patient consent forms prior to publication. These forms should not be sent with the cover letter or via email to editorial or publisher offices.
• If a manuscript contains patient images that reveal identity or descriptions that clearly identify the patient, a statement confirming that informed patient consent was obtained must be included within the manuscript itself.

Research Ethics and Consent

KHWARIZMIA mandates that all submitted research meets the highest ethical benchmarks.

Studies Involving Humans, Animals, and Plants

For any original research papers that feature human participants, animals, plants, biological material, protected datasets, or non-public collections/sites, authors are required to include a dedicated "Ethics Approval" section. This section must provide:

• The designation of the ethics committee or institutional review board that granted approval for the study.
• The specific approval number or identification.
• A clear declaration confirming that human participants gave informed consent before their involvement in the research.

Research involving animals must strictly comply with ethical guidelines concerning animal welfare. All such papers are required to:

• Adhere to international, national, and institutional standards for the humane treatment of animals.
• Provide documentation of approval from the relevant institutional ethics review committee, including its name and the approval number, within the Ethics Approval section.
• Justify the selection of specific animal species.
• Detail the conditions of housing, feeding, environmental enrichment, and the measures implemented to minimize animal suffering.
• Specify the anesthesia and euthanasia methods employed.

Research that fails to satisfy these requirements for ethical approval and animal welfare will not be considered for publication.

Research Involving Human Participants

When conducting studies that involve human subjects, researchers are obligated to strictly adhere to the ethical principles outlined in The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association, especially those pertaining to human experimentation. Additionally, manuscripts should follow the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals, aiming for diverse and representative human populations as these guidelines suggest. Authors must correctly utilize the terms "sex" and "gender." All research protocols necessitate formal approval from the authors' institution or another pertinent ethics committee, ensuring compliance with both national and international standards. This approval, including the institution, review board name, and permit number, must accompany the manuscript submission. Ethical approval is compulsory before commencing research; retrospective approval is generally not accepted and may preclude publication. Authors are also required to incorporate a statement in their manuscript confirming that informed consent was obtained from all human subjects, consistently safeguarding their privacy rights.

Research Involving Animals

All animal experimentation must conform to the ARRIVE guidelines and pertinent regulations such as the U.K. Animals Act, 1986, EU Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments, or the National Research Council's Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Authors must explicitly declare in their manuscript that these guidelines were observed. Where applicable, the sex of animals and its potential influence on study outcomes should be noted. Experiments involving vertebrates or regulated invertebrates must comply with ethical guidelines established by the authors’ institution and conform to national or international regulations. When relevant, documentation of ethics permission or animal licenses should be supplied. In every case, authors must affirm that comprehensive efforts were made to reduce animal suffering, detailing the methods by which this was achieved.

Research Involving Plants

Studies that involve plants must abide by the guidelines established by the authors’ institution and relevant national or international regulations. If applicable, a statement concerning granted permissions or licenses should be included. Authors are also expected to adhere to the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention on the Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

Informed Consent

Patients possess a right to privacy that must not be infringed upon without their informed consent. Identifiable data, including names, initials, hospital numbers, written descriptions, photographs, sonograms, CT scans, and pedigrees, should only be published if it is scientifically essential and if the patient provides explicit written informed consent for publication. This consent requires the identifiable patient to review the manuscript before its publication. Authors must notify patients if any potentially identifiable material could become publicly accessible online or in print after publication. Patient consent should be documented in writing and securely stored, either by KHWARIZMIA, the authors, or both, in accordance with local regulations. Any non-essential identifying details should be removed. If there is any uncertainty about ensuring anonymity, informed consent is mandatory. For example, simply obscuring the eye region in photographs is insufficient for anonymity protection. If identifying characteristics are modified to preserve anonymity, authors must confirm, and editors must acknowledge, that such alterations do not compromise scientific meaning. When informed consent has been obtained, this must be explicitly declared within the published article.

 

Special Issues

KHWARIZMIA facilitates the publication of Special Issues, which are initiated through proposals submitted directly to the Editor-in-Chief. These issues aim to highlight developing research areas within the broad fields of Cybersecurity, Data Security, Information Security, Cryptography, Network Security, Encryption, and Emerging Threats and Solutions. Once a proposal is approved, calls for papers for these specialized issues will be announced as appropriate. All submissions to these Special Issues will, without exception, undergo the same rigorous peer review and adhere to the same author guidelines as regular KHWARIZMIA issues. Dedicated guest editors are appointed to maintain the integrity and academic quality of the content published within each Special Issue.

Guest Editor Selection

Guest Editors for KHWARIZMIA's Special Issues are chosen based on their academic expertise, editorial background, and recognized research standing within relevant disciplines. Candidates can be nominated by current Editorial Board members, existing editors, or through self-nomination. All such nominations undergo a thorough review by the Editorial Board and require final approval from the Editor-in-Chief. Guest Editors are assigned several key responsibilities:

• Defining the precise focus and objectives of the Special Issue.
• Developing a comprehensive call for papers and actively distributing it across pertinent academic networks.
• Managing the entire double-blind peer review process to ensure impartiality, objectivity, and scientific rigor.
• Overseeing the revision phase and the ultimate acceptance of manuscripts selected for the Special Issue.
• Ensuring that all published articles fully comply with KHWARIZMIA’s editorial and ethical standards. Final decisions regarding publication for Special Issue manuscripts are made in close consultation with the Editor-in-Chief.

Proposing Special Issues

To formally propose a Special Issue for KHWARIZMIA, a detailed submission is required directly to the Editor-in-Chief. This proposal must comprehensively outline:

• The central theme and specific objectives of the proposed issue.
• The intended readership for the Special Issue and its anticipated scholarly contribution.
• The names and qualifications of the suggested Guest Editors.
• A comprehensive plan outlining key milestones for submissions, the review process, and final publication, specific to that proposed issue. These proposals undergo meticulous review and subsequent approval by both the Editorial Board and the Editor-in-Chief. Once approved, an official call for papers is announced and widely promoted via KHWARIZMIA’s website, targeted email notifications, and relevant academic channels. A clear process, determined by the guest editors and approved by the EIC, is then carefully established for manuscript submission, the peer review, and final publication.

Editorial and Review Process for Special Issues

Manuscripts submitted to KHWARIZMIA's Special Issues follow the identical double-blind peer review methodology as regular submissions, facilitated by ScholarOne from Clarivate. Each manuscript undergoes:

• An initial screening performed by the Guest Editors to confirm its relevance to the Special Issue’s scope and compliance with fundamental quality criteria.
• A comprehensive double-blind review conducted by at least two highly qualified reviewers, specifically chosen for their expertise in the manuscript's subject matter, guaranteeing anonymity for both authors and reviewers.
• Revisions by authors based on the detailed feedback provided by reviewers, potentially followed by subsequent re-evaluation if deemed necessary by the editorial team.
• A final recommendation from the Guest Editors, succeeded by definitive approval from the Editor-in-Chief. Accepted manuscripts are then professionally copyedited, meticulously formatted, and published in strict accordance with KHWARIZMIA’s editorial standards. The overall performance and feedback relating to Special Issues are rigorously assessed regularly to ensure ongoing enhancement and adaptation to evolving academic trends.

Special Issue Guidelines

All submissions to Special Issues must strictly comply with the same submission criteria, comprehensive author guidelines, and ethical policies mandated for regular issues of KHWARIZMIA. Prospective contributors are strongly advised to thoroughly review KHWARIZMIA’s complete Author Guidelines before submitting their manuscripts. Special Issues are managed and published in an identical fashion to regular issues, upholding the same rigorous academic standards and publishing ethics.

Topics for Special Issues are determined based on proposals submitted to the Editorial Board, with a focus on identifying emerging trends, major research challenges, and cross-disciplinary innovations within KHWARIZMIA’s core domains. Special Issues particularly emphasize research that advances knowledge in the following fields:

• Civil and Structural Engineering
• Mechanical Engineering
• Electrical and Electronics Engineering
• Environmental Engineering
• Aerospace and Aeronautical Engineering
• Materials Science and Engineering
• Computer Engineering
• Energy Engineering

Guest Editors are encouraged to propose Special Issues that explore cutting-edge technologies, sustainable development approaches, smart systems, computational modeling, materials innovation, renewable energy systems, and AI-driven engineering solutions. Each Special Issue should align with KHWARIZMIA’s mission to bridge theory and application in engineering and technological research, while promoting international collaboration and scientific excellence.

Publication Approach

KHWARIZMIA employs a continuous publication model, accepting submissions for general issues and publishing them online promptly after successful peer review and production. Special Issues are curated and published dynamically as proposals are submitted to the Editor-in-Chief and approved by the Editorial Board, without a predetermined publication schedule.

Each Special Issue is organized to spotlight innovative research themes, celebrate scientific milestones, or coincide with significant international conferences and academic events within the journal’s scope. Regardless of timing or theme, all Special Issues adhere to the same high editorial, double-blind peer review, and ethical standards as regular issues, ensuring consistent quality, transparency, and academic integrity across all KHWARIZMIA publications.

Using Material from Other Sources

Authors are required to obtain all necessary permissions for any third-party content they wish to include in their KHWARIZMIA submissions. While brief text excerpts and certain other types of content may be used for critical analysis or review without formal consent, authors planning to use copyrighted material they don't own, and which isn't covered by these informal allowances, must get written permission from the copyright holder before submitting their work. For assistance or questions about requesting permission to reproduce copyrighted material, please email: support@peninsula-press.ae.

Use of Generative AI and AI-Assisted Tools in Writing

KHWARIZMIA acknowledges that AI and AI-assisted tools can be valuable in academic writing. This policy specifically addresses how these technologies are used during the writing phase of manuscript preparation, distinct from their use for data analysis or generating insights during research. Authors choosing to use AI and AI-assisted technologies when preparing their manuscripts for KHWARIZMIA should primarily use them to improve readability and linguistic quality. These tools are intended to support, not replace, fundamental author responsibilities such as developing scientific understanding, forming research conclusions, or making recommendations. Any AI tool used must always be supervised and controlled by a human, and authors must thoroughly review and edit all AI-generated or refined content. Authors should be aware that content produced by AI, even if it sounds authoritative, may contain inaccuracies, be incomplete, or reflect biases. Ultimately, authors bear full responsibility for the entire content and accuracy of their submissions to KHWARIZMIA. Authors are required to transparently disclose the use of AI and AI-assisted technologies within their manuscripts. A clear statement detailing this use will be included in the published work. This transparency is vital for building trust among authors, readers, reviewers, editors, and contributors, and for ensuring compliance with the terms of use of any tools or technologies employed. It is crucial that authors do not assign authorship to AI or list AI as a co-author. Authorship involves responsibilities and tasks that only human individuals can fulfill. Each author of a KHWARIZMIA submission is accountable for addressing any questions about the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work, for approving the manuscript's final version, and for consenting to its submission for publication. Authors also have a fundamental duty to ensure the work's originality, confirm that all listed authors meet authorship criteria, and verify that the work does not infringe on third-party rights.

Using AI in Peer Review

General Policy on Generative AI in Peer Review

KHWARIZMIA's stance on the use of AI in peer review mandates that reviewers refrain from utilizing Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies, such as ChatGPT or similar services, throughout the peer review process. This policy is in place to protect authors' rights and maintain the confidentiality of research. We are currently evaluating compliant AI tools and anticipate revising this policy in the future as responsible technological advancements occur. For broader guidance on publishing ethics, external resources like those found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies-and-standards/publishing-ethics are available.

Guidelines for Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies in the Journal Peer Review Process

This policy was developed in response to the proliferation of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies to offer clear transparency and direction to our authors, editors, and especially our reviewers. KHWARIZMIA will diligently monitor ongoing developments in this field and will modify or refine this policy as needed. The following directives specifically apply to reviewers engaged in our peer review process. When invited to review a manuscript for KHWARIZMIA, researchers are obligated to treat it as a confidential document. Reviewers are explicitly prohibited from uploading any submitted manuscript, or portions thereof, into a generative AI tool. Such an action could infringe upon authors’ confidentiality and proprietary rights, and if the paper includes personally identifiable information, it could also violate data privacy regulations. This obligation for confidentiality also extends to the peer review report itself, which might contain sensitive details about the manuscript and/or its authors. Therefore, reviewers should not upload their peer review report into an AI tool, even if their sole intent is to enhance its language and readability.

Peer review constitutes a foundational element of the scientific ecosystem, and KHWARIZMIA is dedicated to upholding the highest standards of integrity throughout this process. Evaluating a scientific manuscript involves responsibilities that necessitate human intellect. Consequently, Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies should not be employed by reviewers to aid in the scientific appraisal of a paper. The critical thinking, nuanced understanding, and original judgment required for peer review surpass the capabilities of such technology, and there is a considerable risk that these tools could generate inaccurate, incomplete, or biased conclusions regarding the manuscript. The human reviewer retains full responsibility and accountability for the entire content and accuracy of their review report. KHWARIZMIA's author policy permits authors to use generative AI and AI-assisted technologies during the writing process prior to submission, but exclusively for improving the paper's language and readability, and always with appropriate disclosure as detailed in our author guidelines. Reviewers can locate such disclosures at the manuscript's conclusion, in a dedicated section before the reference list.

It is important to note that KHWARIZMIA may employ identity-protected AI-assisted technologies that adhere to ethical AI principles. These tools are utilized during the initial screening phase for tasks such as verifying completeness, detecting plagiarism, and identifying suitable reviewers. These internal or licensed technologies respect author confidentiality, are rigorously assessed for bias, and comply with all data privacy and security requirements. KHWARIZMIA welcomes new AI-driven technologies that support reviewers and editors in the editorial process, and we continuously develop and adopt internal or licensed technologies that safeguard the confidentiality and data privacy rights of authors, reviewers, and editors.

Generative AI refers to artificial intelligence technology capable of producing various forms of content, including text, imagery, audio, and synthetic data. Examples include ChatGPT, NovelAI, Jasper AI, Rytr AI, DALL-E, etc.

Author Guidelines

About the Journal

KHWARIZMIA, an open-access, peer-reviewed journal published by Peninsula Publishing Press, is internationally recognized for its dedication to high-quality, original research. Authors can find comprehensive details about its specific focus and peer-review procedures by directly consulting KHWARIZMIA. As an open-access publication, KHWARIZMIA ensures that research findings are immediately accessible online upon publication, allowing free access, download, and sharing, thereby maximizing impact and academic reach. Only manuscripts composed in English are accepted. KHWARIZMIA welcomes various article formats, including original papers, short communications, review articles, and mini reviews.

Language

All manuscripts submitted to KHWARIZMIA must be written in clear, precise English. Non-native English speakers or those uncertain about their English writing proficiency are strongly advised to seek professional editing assistance before submission. Reviewers primarily concentrate on scientific content and are not tasked with grammatical corrections. Substandard language quality can diminish a paper's scientific merit, potentially resulting in delays in acceptance or outright rejection.

Article Categories

KHWARIZMIA accepts scholarly contributions across four primary categories:

• Original Articles: These are extensive research papers covering in-depth investigations relevant to KHWARIZMIA's diverse scientific domains.
• Short Communications: These submissions highlight significant research but are more concise than full papers. They must be complete manuscripts, limited to a maximum of four combined figures and tables, and a total word count not exceeding 3,000 words.
• Review Articles: Typically, these papers should not exceed 10,000 words, feature an unstructured abstract, and include an up-to-date bibliography. KHWARIZMIA also considers meta-analyses as review articles, particularly valuing their educational contribution.
• Mini Reviews: These are focused and concise reviews addressing important and current topics within KHWARIZMIA's scope, with a word limit of 5,000 words.

Pre-Submission Requirements

Before submitting, authors must verify that their manuscript fulfills these criteria:

• It must be an original work, not previously published or currently under consideration by any other journal or conference.
• All research ethics guidelines must have been followed. A clear "Ethics Approval" section is mandatory for studies involving human or animal subjects.
• The English quality must be acceptable, free from grammatical and typographical errors.
• The manuscript must be formatted according to KHWARIZMIA's specified template.
• Figures must be of high quality and uploaded as separate files.
• References must be correctly formatted and numbered sequentially as they appear in the text, adhering to the specified style.
• Only manuscripts demonstrating sufficient quality and alignment with KHWARIZMIA's aims and scope will proceed to review.
• Submissions must comply with KHWARIZMIA's guidelines outlined below. Manuscripts failing these requirements will be rejected or returned to the author before peer review commences.

Manuscript Preparation

Authors submitting to KHWARIZMIA should meticulously prepare their manuscripts to ensure a smooth review and publication process. Manuscripts should be submitted as Microsoft Word files via our online Manuscript Tracking System. LaTeX submissions are also accepted for articles with extensive mathematical content. The original manuscript must be formatted with double line spacing, using Times New Roman font, and with text fully justified on both margins. The main text should be in a single-column layout. Authors are encouraged to use boldface, italics, subscripts, and superscripts judiciously for clarity and emphasis. To minimize errors, authors are strongly advised to utilize their word processing software's "spell-check" and "grammar-check" functions. All text throughout the manuscript should have continuous line numbering, and every page must be distinctly numbered.

Specific Elements

• Equations: Use an equation editor, such as MathType, for all mathematical expressions.
• Tables: Create tables using the table function in your word processing software.
• Headings: Employ a decimal system for headings, with a maximum of three levels.

Online Submission

Authors wishing to publish with KHWARIZMIA must submit their manuscripts through our online Manuscript Tracking System. Only submissions from a listed author will be accepted, and the submitting author is fully accountable for the manuscript throughout the submission and peer review process. Our system currently supports Microsoft Word files exclusively, with no page count limitations. If technical issues hinder submission via the MTS, authors should contact KHWARIZMIA's support team at support@peninsula-press.ae for assistance.

Initial Evaluation

Upon submission, all manuscripts undergo a comprehensive initial check by KHWARIZMIA's Editorial Office. This procedure verifies proper preparation and adherence to KHWARIZMIA's ethical policies. Each submitted manuscript is also screened for potential plagiarism using iThenticate software. Manuscripts failing to meet KHWARIZMIA's ethical standards, overall quality criteria, or those that are incomplete or improperly formatted, will be rejected or returned to authors before formal peer review. Following these preliminary checks, the Editorial Office will consult with the Editor-in-Chief to confirm if the manuscript aligns with KHWARIZMIA's scope and possesses sufficient scientific merit. Manuscripts deemed to have insufficient priority for publication or significant language quality issues may be promptly rejected, with such decisions verified by the Editor-in-Chief.

Submission Declaration and Confirmation

When authors submit an article to KHWARIZMIA, they are implicitly affirming that the work presented is original, has not been published elsewhere, and is not currently being considered for publication by any other journal. This submission also serves as confirmation that all authors have reviewed and approved the content of the manuscript, and that the pertinent institutional authorities have either overtly or tacitly granted permission for its publication. Furthermore, authors agree that, should the article be accepted, it will not be reissued in its current form, language, or format without the explicit written consent of the copyright holder. To uphold originality and scholarly standards, every manuscript submitted to KHWARIZMIA undergoes a comprehensive plagiarism screening process utilizing Turnitin.

Manuscript Arrangement

The manuscript should be structured into the following distinct sections:

• Title page
• Abstract, Keywords
• Introduction
• Material and methods
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgment
• Conflicts of Interest
• References
• Arabic Abstract
• Tables
• Figures

Detailed Breakdown of Article Structure

Title Page

Your title page, which must be exclusively in English, needs to incorporate the subsequent elements:

• Title: This should be concise, precise, and accurately reflect your research. Avoid including citations, chemical formulas, or non-standard abbreviations. It must be centrally aligned, in 14-point Times New Roman, and bold.
• Authors and Affiliations: Provide the full names of all contributors. This information should be centrally aligned below the title, in 11-point Times New Roman, not italicized, and bold. Use superscript lowercase letters to associate each author with their respective institution. Affiliations should be comprehensive, detailing the department, faculty/college, university, city, and country. The primary affiliation should correspond to the location where the majority of the work was conducted. If an author has transitioned to a different institution, their current address may be listed in addition to their primary one, but addresses will not be updated post-publication.
• Corresponding Author: Designate the corresponding author with an asterisk. Their contact information should be placed in a footnote. If available, include their 16-digit ORCID. Additionally, a separate page within the same file must present the Title, Authors, and affiliations translated into Arabic, adhering to the identical format. A short running title, not exceeding 80 characters, is also mandatory.

Abstract

The abstract should function as a self-contained summary, devoid of any citations, and must not exceed 300 words. It needs to succinctly state the study's objective, methodology, primary findings, and main conclusions. Any non-standard abbreviations must be defined upon their initial appearance. The abstract should be in 9-point Times New Roman, not italicized, and not bold.

Keywords

Authors are required to furnish relevant keywords, separated by semicolons, in 10-point Times New Roman, not italicized, and not bold.

Introduction

This section should be brief and should not contain subheadings. It must clearly articulate the significance of your work and why it merits publication. Background discussions should be kept short and focused solely on pertinent information.

Material and Methods

This section must provide sufficient detail to enable others to replicate your experimental procedures. It can be organized into subsections if multiple methodologies are employed. Experimental descriptions should be succinct. All necessary information for reproducibility must be included. Cite previously published methods, detailing only relevant modifications. Specify vendor information for all chemicals, reagents, strains, etc. For statistical analysis, state the specific test utilized and a hypothesized p-value or significance level.

Results and Discussion

These two sections should be integrated. Present your results clearly and concisely. Limit the number of tables and figures to only the data essential for conveying the study's message and interpretation. Present results logically within the text, tables, and illustrations. The discussion should explore the significance of the results, their implications, limitations, how they relate to other research, and future research directions, rather than merely restating the findings.

Conclusion

Present the study's principal conclusion in a brief statement, emphasizing its goals and importance. Include new hypotheses and recommendations where appropriate.

Acknowledgment

All acknowledgments should be positioned at the very end of the manuscript, preceding the references. This section is intended for recognizing individuals who contributed but do not satisfy authorship criteria, and organizations that provided financial or other forms of support.

Conflicts of Interest

Authors must disclose any potential conflicts of interest that could influence the manuscript's publication. Each interest should be elucidated as to why it might constitute a conflict. If no conflicts exist, this must be explicitly stated. The submitting author is responsible for ensuring that all co-authors declare their interests.

Figures

Figures should not be submitted separately in the initial submission. If your article is accepted, you will be requested to provide the source files. Each figure requires its own electronic file and must be cited sequentially within the text. Figures should be provided in vector art or bitmap formats. Bitmap images generally require a minimum of 300 dpi, unless a lower resolution is scientifically justifiable and explicitly stated. If a bitmap image contains labels, embed the image and labels on separate layers. Refer to figures in the text using Arabic numerals. Ensure all tables, figures, and schemes are cited numerically. Use lowercase letters for individual components of a figure. Figure captions should be placed below the figures, in 9-point Times New Roman, boldface, not italicized, with only the first word capitalized.

Tables

Tables must be cited consecutively in the text, and each necessitates a descriptive title. For numerical measurements, include units in the column heading. Avoid using vertical rules in table formatting. Table titles should be fully justified right and left, positioned above the table, in 9-point Times New Roman, boldface, not italicized, with only the first word capitalized.

Funding Statement

Clearly articulate how the research and its publication received financial support. Name the supporting entity and provide grant numbers in square brackets. If no specific external funding was received and the work was conducted as part of employment, name the employer. Additionally, declare if the funder influenced the study's design, execution, analysis, or the decision to author and publish.

Nomenclature and Units

Utilize SI units for all measurements and data whenever feasible. If other internationally accepted units are employed, provide their SI equivalents in parentheses throughout the text. Illustrations and tables should also use conventional units, with conversion factors explained in legends or footnotes.

 

Declarations and Statements

Manuscripts are required to feature the subsequent mandatory declarations under a section titled 'Statements and Declarations,' positioned immediately following the References section. Submissions that do not include these will be returned as incomplete.

Funding Information

Authors must clearly outline all funding sources that supported the research, including specific grant details. If these funds were used to cover publication fees, this must be explicitly stated. It is crucial to use accurate grant numbers and the exact names of funding agencies to prevent any future issues related to financial backing.

• Revised Example Statements:
  • "This research project did not receive any external financial support."
  • "Financial assistance for this work was provided by [Funding Agency Name] under grant number [Grant Number]."
  • "The Article Processing Charge was covered by [Funding Source]."

Disclosure of Competing Interests

Authors are obligated to identify and disclose any personal circumstances or associations that could potentially be perceived as influencing the reported research findings or are critical to the study's outcomes. Interests should be reported if they arose within the three years preceding the commencement of the work. Any older interests that could reasonably be seen as impacting the submitted work should also be disclosed. Furthermore, any involvement of funding sponsors in the study's design, execution, analysis, interpretation, manuscript drafting, or the decision to publish must be declared.

• Revised Example Statements:
  • "The authors affirm that they possess no conflicts of interest."
  • "Regarding financial interests: Author A and B confirm the absence of any financial interests. Author C has received honoraria for speaking engagements and consulting from Company M. Dr. C has also received speaker fees and research grants from Company M and Company N. Author D's travel expenses were supported by Company O. Concerning non-financial interests: Author D has participated on advisory boards for Company M and Company N."
  • "The financial supporters played no part in the study's conceptualization, implementation, analysis, interpretation, or the preparation of the manuscript."
    For additional information, please consult KHWARIZMIA's "Conflicts of Interest" policy, detailed within its Editorial Policies.

Author Contributions

Authors are expected to furnish a statement that clearly delineates each individual's specific role in the research and the creation of the manuscript. To qualify for authorship, an individual must have significantly contributed to: the initial development of the concept or study design; the gathering, analysis, or interpretation of data; the creation of new software; or the drafting or substantial revision of the manuscript. Additionally, every author must have approved the final version of the manuscript and accepted personal accountability for their contributions, ensuring that any concerns regarding the work's accuracy or integrity are thoroughly investigated, resolved, and documented.

• Revised Example Statement:
  • "All authors were involved in forming the study's concept and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by [Author(s) Initials/Names]. The initial version of the manuscript was prepared by [Author(s) Initials/Names], and all authors reviewed and provided input on earlier drafts. Every author has read and sanctioned the final manuscript."
• For research articles with multiple authors, it is recommended to include a more comprehensive paragraph detailing individual contributions using CRediT terms. Explanations of CRediT terms can be found in the CRediT taxonomy documentation, alongside supplementary background information. Further details are also available in the "Authorship Principles" section of the Editorial Policies.

Data Availability Statement

This journal encourages authors to include a statement within their published article that specifies the availability of the data supporting their reported findings. This statement should, where applicable, include hyperlinks to publicly archived datasets that were either analyzed or generated during the course of the study. Data availability statements can also indicate whether data is obtainable upon request from the authors or if no data was utilized in the research.

• Revised Example Statements:
  • "The datasets produced and/or analyzed during this investigation are available in [Repository Name/Link]."
  • "The datasets generated and/or analyzed for the current study are available from the corresponding author upon a reasonable request."
  • "No datasets were generated or analyzed specifically for this study."
    For comprehensive information on expectations and guidelines for data sharing, please refer to KHWARIZMIA's "Research Data Policy and Data Availability" section under Editorial Policies.

Ethics Approval

Authors conducting research that involves human participants or animal subjects must include a statement confirming that their study obtained approval from the relevant institutional and/or national research ethics committee. For animal research, detailed information concerning the ethical treatment of the animals must be supplied. If a study was exempted from, or did not require, ethical approval, this condition should also be explicitly clarified.

• Revised Example Statements:
  • "The study conformed to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Institutional Review Board of [Institution Name]."
  • "Ethical review and approval were not deemed necessary for this study due to [Reason for exemption]."
  • "Not applicable."
    For detailed information concerning relevant ethical standards and criteria, please consult the sections titled "Research involving human participants, their data or biological material" and "Research involving animals, their data or biological material" under Editorial Policies.

Consent to Participate

For all research involving human subjects, participants must provide free and informed consent to take part in the study, and a statement confirming this must be included in the manuscript.

• Revised Example Statements:
  • "Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants who were included in the study."
  • "Written informed consent was obtained from the parents/legal guardians of the participants."
    For further assistance regarding this information, please refer to the "Informed Consent" section under Editorial Policies.

Consent to Publish

Even if individuals agree to participate in a study, they retain the right to object to the publication of their data. Should your manuscript contain any individual person’s data in any format, consent for its publication must be secured from that individual, or from their parent or legal guardian if they are a minor. This is especially critical for case studies. The manuscript should include a statement confirming that consent to publish has been received from all participants.

Example Statements (from previous sections)

• "The authors confirm that human research participants provided informed consent for the publication of the images in Figure 1a, 1b, and 1c."
• "Written informed consent has been obtained from the patient for the publication of this paper."
  For additional assistance with this information, please refer to the "Informed Consent" section under Editorial Policies.

Author Contributions

Each author is anticipated to have made significant contributions to either the initial conceptualization or design of the work; the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data; the creation of novel software utilized in the work; or the drafting or substantive revision of the manuscript. Furthermore, every author must have endorsed the submitted version and accepted personal accountability for their contributions, ensuring that any concerns regarding the accuracy or integrity of any aspect of the work are thoroughly investigated, resolved, and documented. For research articles with multiple authors, a concise paragraph detailing their individual contributions is mandatory. The subsequent statements serve as a guide for specifying contributions using the CRediT taxonomy: "Conceptualization, X.X. and Y.Y.; Methodology, X.X.; Software, X.X.; Validation, X.X., Y.Y. and Z.Z.; Formal Analysis, X.X.; Investigation, X.X.; Resources, X.X.; Data Curation, X.X.; Writing – Original Draft Preparation, X.X.; Writing – Review & Editing, X.X.; Visualization, X.X.; Supervision, X.X.; Project Administration, X.X.; Funding Acquisition, Y.Y.” A comprehensive explanation of CRediT terms is accessible in the CRediT taxonomy, with further background information provided here. Authorship must be restricted to individuals who have significantly contributed to the work. Please consult KHWARIZMIA's editorial policies for specific authorship criteria.

Funding

All sources of funding for the study must be disclosed. Clearly state any grants received to support your research and whether these funds were used to cover publication expenses. It is crucial to note that some funders may not cover article processing charges if the funder and grant number are not precisely identified in the paper. Authors have the option to input funding information separately during the manuscript submission process, which, if available, will be registered with FundRef upon final publication.
Please include one of the following statements in this section:

• “This research received no external financial support.”
• “This research was financially supported by.”
• “The Article Processing Charge was funded by.”
  Please meticulously verify the accuracy of the provided details and use the official spelling of funding agency names, which can be confirmed at https://search.crossref.org/funding, as inaccuracies could jeopardize future funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

For studies involving human subjects or animals, please include the Institutional Review Board Statement and its approval number in this section. The Editorial Office may request additional information.
Please include one of the following statements:

• “The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of.”
• “Ethical review and approval were waived for this study, owing to.”
• “Not applicable”.
  You may choose to omit this statement if the study did not involve human or animal subjects.

Informed Consent Statement

Any research article detailing a study with human subjects should incorporate this statement.
Please include one of the following statements concerning participation consent:

• “Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.”
• “Patient consent was not required due to.”
• “Not applicable.”
  Additionally, if the manuscript contains data from identifiable patients, written informed consent for publication must be obtained from those participating patients. If pertinent, please state:
• “Written informed consent has been obtained from the patient to permit the publication of this paper.”

Data Availability Statement

In this section, please provide explicit details about where the data supporting the reported results can be found, including links to publicly archived datasets that were analyzed or generated during the study. Please refer to KHWARIZMIA's "Research Data Policies" section for recommended Data Availability Statements. You may choose to exclude this statement if the study did not report any data.

Acknowledgments

In this section, you may recognize any support received that is not covered by the author contribution or funding sections. This can include administrative and technical assistance, or in-kind donations.

Conflicts of Interest

Authors must identify and declare any personal circumstances or interests that could be perceived as influencing the representation or interpretation of the reported research results. If there is no conflict of interest, please state:

• "The authors declare no conflict of interest."
  Any role played by the funding sponsors in the selection of the research project; the study's design; the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; the writing of the manuscript; or the decision to publish the results must be declared in this section. If the sponsors had no such role, please state:
• “The sponsors had no role in the design, execution, interpretation, or writing of the study.”
  For more details, please see KHWARIZMIA's "Conflict of Interest" policy.

Data Availability

Authors are encouraged, though not mandated, to include a statement regarding data availability in their articles. This statement should specify where the data supporting the reported findings can be located, ideally with hyperlinks to publicly archived datasets used or generated during the study. It can also indicate if data are accessible upon request from the authors or if no data were generated. For detailed guidance on formulating these statements, authors should consult KHWARIZMIA’s “Research Data Policy and Data Availability” section within the editorial policies.

Research Data Policy and Data Availability Guidelines for Authors

KHWARIZMIA advocates for the sharing of research data to enhance transparency, reproducibility, and the advancement of knowledge within the academic community. We acknowledge the importance of making data accessible to other researchers while adhering to ethical and legal boundaries. To this end, we have established the following guidelines for data availability statements in submitted manuscripts:

Data Sharing Expectations: Authors are advised to make their data publicly accessible whenever feasible, provided there are no restrictions related to privacy, confidentiality, or legal obligations. Data should be shared in a format that allows for verification of results and facilitates reuse by other researchers.

Data Availability Statements: Manuscripts must include a Data Availability Statement. This statement should clearly indicate how the data supporting the study's findings can be accessed, or provide a justification for why the data cannot be shared. Below are illustrative examples of acceptable Data Availability Statements:

• Data in a Public Repository: "The datasets generated and/or analyzed during this study are available in [repository name], at [URL/DOI]."
• Data on Request: "The datasets generated and/or analyzed during this study can be obtained from the corresponding author upon a reasonable request."
• No Data Available: "No datasets were generated or analyzed for this study."

Proofs

The corresponding author will receive one set of page proofs via email. These proofs are solely for verifying the typesetting, editing, completeness, and accuracy of the text, tables, and figures. To ensure prompt and accurate publication, all corrections must be submitted in a single communication within 48 hours. Authors are exclusively responsible for proofreading. Please be aware that Peninsula Publishing Press may proceed with publication if no response is received within the specified timeframe.

Revised Manuscripts

Authors are strongly encouraged to submit their refined manuscripts within one month of receiving the editorial decision. It is crucial to understand that while a thorough revision significantly enhances a manuscript's potential, it does not inherently assure acceptance for publication, as all amended submissions undergo a rigorous reevaluation process. To facilitate a clear and efficient review, authors are expected to address each reviewer comment meticulously, articulating their revisions and responses comprehensively. Should an author respectfully disagree with a comment or suggestion, a well-reasoned and transparent justification for their stance is essential. Furthermore, all modifications implemented in the manuscript must be clearly highlighted to expedite the re-evaluation process for reviewers and editors.

For a streamlined submission, authors should upload the following critical files with their revised submissions:

• Revised manuscript with changes highlighted: This version should meticulously track all alterations made since the initial submission, ideally utilizing the "Track Changes" feature in Microsoft Word. Labeling this file as "Revised Article with Changes Highlighted" is vital for clarity.
• Response to reviewers: A comprehensive document is required, detailing each specific reviewer comment alongside the authors' articulate responses to all feedback from reviewers and editors. This should also include a clear list of all modifications made to the manuscript, uploaded as "Response to reviewers."
• Clean revised manuscript: A final, impeccably presented copy of the revised manuscript, complete with author names and devoid of any track changes or highlights, should be submitted as the "Manuscript" file. This represents the definitive version for consideration.

After Acceptance
Once an article has been accepted for publication, it proceeds to the production stage for typesetting. When this process is complete, authors will receive page proofs to review, following the same procedure outlined in the “Proofs” section above.

Peer Review
Every manuscript submitted to KHWARIZMIA is subjected to a rigorous peer review process designed to ensure the highest academic standards. Papers that meet the initial editorial screening criteria are forwarded to qualified peer reviewers for evaluation. The journal employs a double-blind review system, meaning that the identities of both authors and reviewers remain anonymous throughout the process. Final decisions regarding acceptance or rejection are made by the editorial board, based on the reviewers’ assessments and recommendations.
In exceptional cases, the Research Integrity team may seek further expert evaluation beyond the standard peer review. This additional step applies particularly to manuscripts with significant ethical, biosecurity, security, or societal concerns. External experts or specialized editors may be consulted, and the editorial team may take actions such as inviting reviewers with specific expertise, requesting further evaluation, or declining the submission if warranted.

Ethical Guidelines
KHWARIZMIA requires that all submitted research upholds the highest ethical principles in every aspect of publication. This includes strict adherence to established ethical standards in studies involving humans, animals, or plants.

Compliance with Ethics of Experimentation
All experimental research must be conducted ethically, responsibly, and in full compliance with applicable codes of conduct and legislation. Original papers involving humans, animals, plants, biological materials, restricted datasets, or protected locations must include a dedicated “Ethics Approval” section that provides:

• The official name of the ethics committee or institutional review board granting approval.
• The corresponding ethics approval reference number or identification code.
• A statement confirming that all human participants gave informed consent prior to participation.

Studies Involving Humans
Research involving human participants must fully comply with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association and follow the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. Authors should ensure that the study population represents appropriate diversity as defined in those recommendations, and that the terms sex and gender are used accurately and consistently.
Formal approval of the study protocol from the relevant institutional or national ethics committee is required prior to the commencement of the research. The manuscript must specify the institution name, ethics review board, and permit or approval number. Retrospective approval is generally unacceptable and may result in the rejection of the manuscript.
Authors must clearly state within their manuscript that informed consent was obtained from all participants, and their privacy and confidentiality were respected. For studies that involve any potential risk to participants, the paper must confirm that the research was carried out with the participants’ full understanding and approval, and that the ethical committee authorized the procedures performed.

Studies Involving Animals
All experiments involving animals must comply with the ARRIVE guidelines and adhere to internationally recognized ethical frameworks such as the U.K. Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, the EU Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, or the National Research Council’s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Authors must explicitly affirm in their manuscript that these standards were followed.
The sex of the animals must be reported, and where applicable, the possible influence of sex on the results should be addressed. Research involving animals must also demonstrate adherence to humane treatment standards, including:

• Compliance with international, national, and institutional regulations for animal welfare.
• Official approval from an institutional or practice-based ethics committee, with the committee’s name and approval ID provided in the Ethics Approval
• Justification for using animals and for selecting the specific species.
• Details regarding housing, feeding, enrichment, and measures taken to minimize suffering.
• Specification of anesthesia and euthanasia methods, if applicable.
  Authors must provide comprehensive descriptions of surgical or anesthetic procedures and evidence that every possible effort was made to prevent distress or suffering at all stages of experimentation. Studies failing to meet these ethical and welfare standards will not be eligible for publication.

Studies Involving Plants
Research that includes plant materials must follow institutional, national, and international regulations. If required, authors should provide proof of permissions or licenses obtained for plant collection or experimentation. Such studies must also respect global agreements, including the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

Supplementary Materials
Authors may submit additional digital files as supplementary materials to accompany their published articles or book chapters. Each file must include the article title, journal name, full author list with affiliations, and the corresponding author’s email address. These materials will be made available online exactly as provided, without editorial modifications, formatting changes, or further processing.

Article Publishing Charge
KHWARIZMIA does not impose any article processing or submission fees. Publication in the journal is entirely free of charge for all authors.